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Advances in Environmental Biology, 5(5): 853-855, 2011
ISSN 1995-0756
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O RIGINAL A RTICLE
Ocular Squamous Cell Carcinoma in a Black Headed Cow (A Case Report)
1
Mohajeri Daryoush,
1
Department of Pathology, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran.
Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, young researchers club.
2
1
Doustar Yousef,
2
Mehrdad Nazeri
Mohajeri. Daryoush, Doustar Yousef, Mehrdad Nazeri: Ocular Squamous Cell Carcinoma in a
Black Headed Cow (A Case Report)
ABSTRACT
Invasive Bovine Ocular Squamous Cell Carcinoma is reported in an 11-years-old crossbreed black
headed dairy cow kept in a roofed area in a garden located in south of Tabriz. The eyelids were
involved as ulcerated neoplastic mass. The lesion had covered the globe completely, invaded and
destroyed the entire orbital contents internally. In spite of destruction of all surrondig tissue and adjacent
bones, the optic nerve was entirely intact. After enucleation, neoplastic tissue specimens were stained
with H&E for histopathological study. M acroscopic and microscopic characteristics of the lesion were
in agreement with invasive squamous cell carcinoma, without any evidence of damage to optic nerve.
Key words: Dairy cow, Ocular Squamous Cell Carcinoma.
Introduction
Extraocular neoplasms may arise from any of
the specialized or supporting tissues of the
eyelids, conjunctiva, or orbit [3,4,6]. Malignancy
of the third eyelid (membrana nicitans) and the
globe is common in cattle worldwide [1,7].
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the eyelid or
conjunctiva is especially frequent in cattle less so
in horses and dogs, and is frequent in other
species [3]. SCC is seen particularly in whiteheaded cattle, such as the Hereford, and other
breeds with little pigmentation around the eye
[1,6,8]. The disease is associated with ultraviolet
light [1,2]. Common sites for SCC include the
lower lid, the third eyelid and corneoscleral
junction of the globe [1]. Bovine ocular squamous
cell carcinomas of the globe or circumocular
structures have been described in several breeds
of cattle including beef types from several
continents and countries [2]. The incidence in
cattle is greatest in those geographic areas with
longest hours of sunlight per year and ultra violet
radiation (Jubb et al., 1993; 2]. Exposure to
sunlight is a factor in the development of the
lesions [2,8].
M aterial and method
On October 2010, an 11-year-old crossbreed
dairy cow (Holstein-Friesian) with a massive
ulcerated neoplasm on the right orbit was
presented to the veterinary clinic of Tabriz
Islamic Azad University.
This animal was being kept in a roofed area
in a garden located in south of Tabriz and was
of normal appearance, without any preexisting
medical conditions. The traumatic and ulcerated
neoplastic tissue had covered the globe completely
(Fig.1). The cow was euthanized and injured eye
Corresponding Author
Mohajeri. Daryoush, Mohajeri. D, Associate Professor, Pathology department, Veterinary
Faculty, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch, Tabriz, Iran.
Tel: 09144131810, Fax: 04122722112
E-mail: [email protected]
Adv. Environ. Biol., 5(5): 853-855, 2011
854
was enucleated. Representative sections of the
tumor were fixed immediately in 10% neutral
buffered formalin, processed routinely, and
embedded in paraffin. Tissue sections were cut to
4 µm thickness and stained with hematoxylin and
eosin [5].
Fig.1:
Macroscopic appearance of Bovine Ocular Squamous Cell Carcinoma. The traumatic and
ulcerated neoplastic tissue has covered the globe completely.
Results:
Grossly, neoplastic tissue had invaded and
destroyed the entire orbital contents, ocular
adnexa, other soft tissue and surrounding bones
(Fig.2). Interestingly optic nerve among the
multiple irregular neoplastic tissues was intact,
though it was slightly compressed with tumor
mass (Fig.3). Bulbar conjunctiva was unexpectedly
very well pigmented. Microscopically, islands and
cords of epidermal cells, with their typical
structures had inv ad ed the low er tissues.
Neoplastic cells showed enlarged and prominent
nuclei. Mitotic figures were numerous (Fig.4).
Interestingly, optic nerve among the neoplastic
tissue was intact (Fig.5).
Fig. 2:
M acroscopic appearance of Bovine Ocular Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Neoplastic tissue has
invaded and destroyed the entire orbital contents internally.
Fig. 3:
Macroscopic appearance of Bovine Ocular Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Optic nerve (6) among
the multiple irregular neoplastic mass is intact.
Adv. Environ. Biol., 5(5): 853-855, 2011
Fig. 4:
855
M icroscopic appearance of Bovine Ocular Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Infiltrating tumor cells
comprise numerous mitotic figures (6) (H&E, × 120).
Conclusion:
It has already been recorded that ocular SCC
is common in white-headed cattle with little
pigmentation around the eye [8]. There are
several factors associated with the development of
a squamous cell carcinoma, including prolonged
exposure to ultraviolet light, lack of pigment
within the epidermis at the sites of tumor
development, and lack of hair or a very sparse
hair coat at the affected site [6]. It is postulated
that probably actinic rays of the sun are of
etiological importance since bullocks are worked
in the hot sun and so are exposed to them.
Probably the lower incidence in cows is because
they are not worked in the sun. That actinic rays
do play a part in the genesis of the tumor is
supported by the fact that in Hereford breed, in
which the eye pigment is deficient, eye cancer, is
more common. The pigment filters the actinic
rays of the sun [8].
Up to literature review, we propose that this
case study is unique, as regardless of the pigment
status of the lids and the surrounding area of the
animal, it was severely afflicted by ocular SCC
On the other hand, the fact that, highly invasive
malignant cells cannot damage the optic nerve
remain undetermined and seeking another study.
H ow ever, it seems that epineuria w ith its
distinctive characteristic prevent the invasion of
malignant cells.
In any way, ocular SCC is of economic
importance [2], therefore early diagnosis of ocular
SCC is essential, to prevent distant metastasis and
development of clinical manifestations. Early
lesions are easily removed, but in neglected cases,
ten per cent will eventually metastasize to the
regional lymph nodes, and a small proportion to
the lungs [1].
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