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Substitution of a More Hazardous Chemical by a Less Hazardous Chemical It is important to minimize the use of hazardous chemicals and production of hazardous wastes. Using many of these chemicals can be exceedingly dangerous to the health of workers and students in a laboratory setting. Science laboratories often do not meet OSHA standards either for the Laboratory Standard or Hazard Communication Standard. Teachers and students can be exposed to harmful odors and other associated hazards from chemicals. Many chemical storerooms do not possess a separate exhaust to the outside in addition to the fact that the science department does not have a separate HVAC system. Additionally, it is expensive to remove waste chemicals from schools by hazardous waste companies. As a result, these harmful hazardous waste chemicals are left in the schools. It is prudent practice to reduce the amounts of chemicals that are used in schools. It is essential that science inquiry be a vital part of the science laboratory experience in all sciences. Safety is not only for chemistry classes. All sciences use chemicals. All chemicals have associated hazardous that cannot be removed; however, the risks can be minimized by doing microscale chemistry, green chemistry or using less hazardous substitutes for more hazardous chemicals in the science laboratory. A list of possible substitutions follows: It is prudent Chemical Task Extraction solvents Substitution List for Science IS…Inquiry Safely Oxidation of organic compounds Qualitative test for heavy metals Freezing point lowering Hazardous Chemical Ethyl ether; Methyl-t-butyl ether (MTBE)1 Chromate ion Sulfide ion Benzene Temperature Mercury thermometers Pressure Mercury barometers Preservation of biological specimens Formaldehyde; Formalin Enthalpy of fusion Acetamide; para-Dichlorobenzene para-Dicholorobenzene Melting point determination Substitute Hexanes1 Hypochlorite ion1 Hydroxide ion1 Cyclohexane; Sodium chloride solution Alcohol (red, blue, green) or Spirit-filled; Digital; Teflon® coated; Enviro-Safe™ 2; EverSafe®3; Oven thermometers Pressure probes; Non-mercury barometers Ethanol or other preservatives, Formalternate®3; Fisher-Free®4; Fisher BioFresh®4; CaroSafe™; Perfect Solution™ 5 Stearic acid or Acetamide tubes; Paraffin wax3 Stearic acid; Cetyl alcohol; 1Octadecanol; Palmitic acid; Lauric acid; 1-octyl Phenol; 4-(t-octyl) Phenol3 Chemical Substitution List for Science IS…Inquiry Safely (cont'd.) Heat transfer liquid for hot oil baths or melting point Thiele Tubes Vapor Pressure / temperature Water softening Play Slime Qualitative test for halide ions Mineral oil* Silicon oil (polymethylsiloxane)3 Carbon tetrachloride Calgon Polyvinyl alcohol Carbon tetrachloride Qualitative test for heavy metals Heavy metals Sulfide ion Chloroform; Carbon tetrachloride; Benzene; Toluene; Xylenes; 1,1,1-Trichloroethane; 1,1,2-Trichlorotrifluroethane & other halogenated solvents Potassium chlorate & Manganese dioxide Isopropyl alcohol6 Sodium hexametaphosphate3 Guar gum3 Cyclohexane,1 Hexane, Mineral oil3** Copper, cobalt, iron etc6 Hydroxide ion Mineral Oil**; Hexanes; Nonhalogenated solvents; Alcohols; Cyclohexanes1,3 Solubility of Iodine or non-polar substances Molar volume determination Ignition of Thermite Anesthesia Highly reactive Group I metals Polymer Magnesium metal or other chemical igniters Ethyl ether Potassium, sodium Histology Chloroform; Carbon tetrachloride; 1,1,1-Trichloroethane Xylene Acids and Bases Regular acids / bases Hydrogen sulfide Metal alloy Volcano reaction Sodium sulfide Woods metal Ammonium dichromate Base spill neutralizer Magnetism Alcohol use in lab Polymer catalyst Vinegar solution Pure Iron filings Methyl alcohol Benzoyl peroxide Dry ice (see Flinn Chem Fax No. 10013); Magnesium & Hydrochloric acid3 Thermite ignition sticks3 Fly-Nap® 5; Lull-A-Fly® 3; Triethylamine Calcium, magnesium Isopropyl alcohol; Cyclohexane1.3 Alcohols; Limonene based products3 Vinegar and sodium bicarbonate Aitch-tu-ess cartridges3 Onion’s Fusible Alloy3 Vinegar and sodium hydrogen carbonate Citric acid powder3 Flinn’s Iron alloy filings3 Anhydrous ethyl alcohol3 30 % Hydrogen peroxide; Lauroyl peroxide3 Chemical Substitution List for Science IS…Inquiry Safely (cont'd.) Diffusion properties Bromine / Iodine Cleaning Chromex; Chromic acid Cleaner Solvent; Cleaner Mercury spills Sodium dichromate Toluene Sulfur powder Sulfur solvent Insect killing jars Carbon disulfide Metal cyanides Genetic taste test for bitter taste for PTC Phenol thiourea; Phenol thiocarbamide solution or powder Chloroform Azure B stain Antibiotic solutions Large scale chemistry DNA Extraction Azure B staining procedures Antibiotic solutions Chemical waste reduction Generation of Oxygen Density determination DNA Extraction Potassium chlorate & Manganese dioxide Methanol solutions Chloroform Bromine; iodine diffusion tubes3 Detergents; Flinn-it™ Cleaner; RBS 35® Cleaner3 Sodium hypochlorite1 Alcohols 1 Zinc dust; Mercon® Spill Control Kit3 5 mL Olive oil 3 Ethanol; Ethyl acetate3 or Freezing PTC paper3 DNA extraction kits 3,4,5 Methylene blue stain3 Antibiotic test disks5 Green chemistry, Microchemistry Hydrogen peroxide & Manganese dioxide Sugar / diet soda solutions DNA extraction kits 3,4,5 References: 1University of Missouri-Rolla, Material Substitutions. Waste Minimization Program, 2002, UMR Environmental Health and Safety Department. 2Foster, Barbara, Mercury Thermometer Replacements in Chemistry Laboratories. Journal of Chemical Education, Vol. 82, No. 2, February 2005. 3Flinn Chemical & Biological Catalog Reference Manual 2007.Flinn Scientific Company, Batavia, IL. 4Fisher Scientific 2007 Catalog. Fisher Scientific Division of Thermo Fisher, Hanover Park, IL. 5Carolina Biological Supply Catalog 2006. Carolina Biological Supply Company, Burlington, NC. 6Scholar® Chemistry Resource Manual, Developed with Charles A. Dana Center at the University of Texas at Austin. www.scholarchemistry.com