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Verbal Warmup • We’ve discussed how H2O, C, N, and energy move through ecosystems. You know the terms “biotic” and “abiotic”. – What is an example of a biotic process that moves nitrogen through an ecosystem? – What is an example of an abiotic process that moves water through an ecosystem? – Discuss, be ready to share. – Note: we’ll be focusing on abiotic and biotic processes in ecosystems today. What Shapes an Ecosystem? • Write “Updates to 90-93 and Food Web Notes” - new page – Record clarifying info about pages 90-93 • (Part 1 – minimal notes) • Use Cornell Notes to answer questions! – Takes notes on food webs • (Part 2 – more extensive notes) Reviewing Cornell notes • Be ready to define each of these terms (own words): – Competition, Predation, Niche – Symbiosis (mutualism, commensalism, parasitism) • Be ready to give an example of each of these occurring in your jar. For each example, explain if it would move N, C, H2O or energy through your jar ecosystem. – Competition, Predation, Symbiosis (mutualism) • Be ready to explain what would be part of the niche of a species in your jar (if it were in its native habitat). Competition • Two organisms (same or different species) try to obtain same resource at same time – Sun, water, food, space, nutrients, etc… • What is an example in your ecosystem jar? – Record ecosystem jar example Predation • Predation: An interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another organism. • What is an example in your ecosystem jar? – Record ecosystem jar example Symbiosis • Symbiotic relationship – An ecological relationship between organisms of different species that live together in direct contact. • Mutualism: Win-Win • Record ecosystem jar example • Example: Shrew Loo – 60-90% of N for plants – Mountain Tree Shrew – Borneo Commensalism • Commensalism: Win-neutral • Example: Anemonefish • Jar example? Parasitism • What is it? Is there an example in your ecosystem jar? • Symbiosis – when one species benefits and other is harmed – but not really predation (win-lose) – Differs in that parasites often live in or on the host • Example: Parasitic wasp The “niche” • What is a niche? – Range of abiotic and biotic conditions in which an organism lives – and how it uses these conditions – Ex: pond snail niche: • Bodies of water they can inhabit • What shelter they use in water or on land • The climate/type of ecosystem they survive in best • How/when they reproduce • What they eat and what eats them – 2 species can’t occupy the same niche! Brainstorm: why not? • Competition! One species wins, one loses eventually (leaves niche, evolves, or goes extinct)– might take time Food Webs (new notes!) • Usually represent predation in an ecosystem – Show how biomass & energy move in ecosystems – Shows relationships between producers (autotrophs) and consumers (heterotrophs) • Why are they useful? Brainstorm reasons/examples. – Orcas and salmon – enough to support Orcas? – Humans – enough food to support us? – What if organism(s) are removed? Predictions… – Easier than reading lots of papers (visual) • Example food web – ecosystem jars! Energy in food webs (in 3-2) • Energy: ability to do work (NOT matter/material) – Light energy (helps producers create food) – Chemical energy (light converted to chem in food) – Thermal energy (chem converted to “waste” heat) • All energy begins at the producer level – Can move its way up a food web • Brainstorm – why do consumers have about 10% of the energy available from organisms they consume? • The remainder (90%) is: – 1) kept by producers – 2) lost as waste (thermal or chemical) – All life processes produce chemical and thermal waste – Show on food web now Biomass in food webs (in 3-2) • Biomass: living material in an ecosystem (in grams, usually) • All biomass begins at the producer level – Moves its way up a food web • Do consumers retain all biomass they consume? • No –Only about 10% gets to next level (rest is kept or lost as waste – liquid, solid, gaseous) – Note – waste contains chemical energy. – Show on food web now Energy vs. Matter • Energy is NOT matter – Energy is stored in matter, can be released (thermal) as matter is broken down/metabolized – Plants convert light energy into chemical energy by making glucose/food – All organisms use/release energy by consuming/breaking down food Homework! • Read section 3-2 • Complete food web pre-lab questions • Cut out all pictures and put in big/envelope to be used in class tomorrow.