Download CH. 38 CONSERVATION BIOLOGY

CH. 38 CONSERVATION BIOLOGY
THE BIODIVERSITY CRISIS
38.2 Describe the three components of biodiversity.
Biodiversity includes three levels:
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genetic diversity:
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species diversity:
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ecosystem diversity:
Genetic diversity within and between populations of a species is the
raw material that makes microevolution and adaptation to the
environment possible. As individuals are lost, so, too, are the genetic
resources for that species. Genetic variation helps a species survive.
Reduction of genetic variation threatens the survival of a species.
Species diversity is the variety of species in an ecosystem or
throughout the biosphere.
The U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA) defines an endangered
species as: one that is “in danger of extinction throughout all or a
significant portion of its range.”
Threatened species are those that are likely to become endangered
in the foreseeable future.
Ecosystem diversity: Because of the network of community
interactions among populations of different species within an
ecosystem, the local extinction of one species, especially a keystone
species, can have a negative impact on the overall species richness of
the ecosystem.
38.2 Explain how human activities can threaten biodiversity.
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Clearing rainforest for farming
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Destruction of coral reefs
38.2 Distinguish between endangered species and threatened
species.
The U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA) defines an endangered
species as: one that is “in danger of extinction throughout all or a
significant portion of its range.”
Threatened species are those that are likely to become endangered in
the foreseeable future.
38.3 Describe the three greatest current threats to biodiversity,
providing examples of each.
1. Habitat destruction: Human alteration of habitats poses the single
greatest threat to biodiversity throughout the biosphere. The following
have brought about massive destruction and fragmentation of habitats.
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agriculture
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urban development
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forestry
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mining
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environmental pollution
2. Invasive species: Disrupt communities by competing with,
preying on, or parasitizing native species.
ex. Snakehead fish in Florida
Mrs. Loyd  Page 1 of 3 4/30/12 [email protected]://loydbiology.weebly.comhttp://www.mybiology.com 3. Overexploitation: of wildlife by harvesting at rates that
exceed the ability of populations to rebound.
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rare trees
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tigers
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whales
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American bison
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Galapagos tortoises
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numerous fishes
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primates for “bushmeat”
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rhinoceros horns
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elephant tusks
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grizzly bear gallbladders
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N. Atlantic cod
‘Bison were hunted almost to extinction in the late 19th century primarily by market hunters and were reduced to a few
hundred by the mid-1880s. They were hunted for their skins, with the rest of the animal left behind to decay on the
ground. After the animals rotted, their bones were collected and shipped back east in large quantities.’
38.4 Describe the process of biological magnification.
The concentration of toxins (chemical pesticides for agriculture)
as they pass through the food chain. Top-level predators are
usually the organisms most severely damaged by toxic
compounds in the environment.
Example:
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PCB’s in the Great Lakes food chain fig. 38.4
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Herring Gull eggs
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5,000x higher than that measured in phytoplankton.
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Concentration increased at each successive trophic level.
Example:
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Mercury, a by-product of plastic production and coal-fired
power generation
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Routinely expelled into rivers and the sea
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Bacteria in the bottom mud converted the waste to methyl
mercury
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Extremely toxic soluble compound that then accumulated
in the tissues of organisms
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Fish
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Humans
CONSERVATION BIOLOGY AND
RESTORATION ECOLOGY
38.14 Describe the goals and methods of restoration
ecology. Describe the goals and expected
outcomes of the Kissimmee River Project.
Restoration Ecology
Goals:
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To seek ecological ways to clean up degraded areas
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To seek ecological ways to return degraded areas to their
natural state
Methods:
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replanting vegetation
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fencing out non-native animal
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removing dams that restrict water flow
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Bioremediation: the use of living organisms to detoxify
polluted ecosystems. Emphasis is cleaning up toxins
using bacteria and plants.
Mrs. Loyd  Page 2 of 3 4/30/12 [email protected]://loydbiology.weebly.comhttp://www.mybiology.com Kissimmee River Project:
Goals:
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Restore the natural water flow patterns of the Kissimmee River and
wetlands.
Expected outcomes:
Bring back:
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fish
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wetland bird populations
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spawning and
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foraging habitats for fishes
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sport fishes
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waterfowl
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bald eagle nesting territories
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filter and reduce agricultural runoff
38.15 Explain why sustainable development should be the ultimate goal
for the long-term maintenance of human societies and the ecosystems that
support them.
Sustainable Biosphere Initiative
Goals
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acquire the basic ecological information necessary for the intelligent and
responsible development, management, and conservation of Earth’s
resources.
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Sustain the productivity of natural and artificial ecosystems
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study of the relationship between biological diversity, global climate change,
and ecological process.
WHY?
To create a world in which each generation inherits an adequate supply of natural
and economic resources and a relatively stable environment.
Mrs. Loyd  Page 3 of 3 4/30/12 [email protected]://loydbiology.weebly.comhttp://www.mybiology.com