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BIOL212 NSCC
Study Outline for Final Experience
June 2012
**** All Quizzes and Tests or Exams, “Experiences”, are cumulative!! ****
For the Final, approximately two thirds to three fourths will be on topics studied for the
first three “experiences”. The remainder will be on later development, Phylum Rotifera
and Subphylum Vertebrata (Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds and Mammals)
You should be able to define any term printed in bold in the text, even if the term
was not mentioned in class. Also, check the chapter reviews & concept checks. Be
sure you can answer those questions! At least some of the questions that many
students missed on prior “experiences” will be on the final experience. At the end of this
guide, there will be some example questions. Some of these, or questions very similar
to them will appear on the final!
The Darwinian revolution challenged traditional views of a young Earth inhabited by
unchanging species (how?) Malthus
Descent with modification by natural selection explains the adaptations of organisms
and the unity and diversity of life. Natural vs. artificial selection? What is the evidence?
Fossils, molecular clock, gene flow, genetic drift, founder effect, bottleneck effect, fitness,
et al.
Evolution is supported by an overwhelming amount of scientific evidence
Genetic variation makes evolution possible. New understanding of animal phylogeny is
emerging from molecular data.
Natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow can alter allele frequencies in a population
Natural selection is the only mechanism that consistently causes adaptive evolution
The biological species concept emphasizes reproductive isolation
Speciation can take place with or without geographic separation
Conditions on early Earth made the origin of life possible
1953, Stanley Miller and Harold Urey
Key events in life’s history include the origins of single-celled and multi-celled
organisms and the colonization of land
Abiotic to biotic
Origins of mitochondria and chloroplasts
Evolution is not goal oriented
Animals are 1) multicellular, 2) heterotrophic 3) eukaryotes with 4) tissues that develop
from embryonic layers. (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm). Mesenchyme cells?
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BIOL212 NSCC
Study Outline for Final Experience
June 2012
What is Achaeopteryx lithographia? What is its significance in general & “historically”?
p. 718 – 719 & lecture notes.
Differences and similarities between an Intron and a codon. Hardy-Weinberg equation,
five (5) conditions necessary, gene pools & allele frequencies
Sponges (Phylum Porifera) are basal animals that lack true tissues.
- Basal: a specific group of organisms whose evolutionary lineage diverged
early in the history of the “group”.
Cnidarians are an ancient phylum of eumetazoans.
- Eumetazoan: member of a clade of animals with true tissues. (All animals
except sponges and a few other groups are eumetazoans.
- Eu = true metazoan = multicellular animals with differentiated tissues
Lophotrochozoans, a clade identified by molecular data, have the widest range of animal
body forms.
- Lophophore feeding structure + trochophore larva structure p. 664
Ecdysozoans are the most species rich animal group.
- Ecdysis – molting process of emerging from an old exoskeleton.
Echinoderms and chordates are deuterostomes.
So what is a protostome? What is a deuterostome?
Animals can be characterized by “body plans” (radial, bilateral, “cups”, tubes). The
history of animals spans more than half a billion years.
Know what is and how do you tell what is a:
- Porifera
- Cnidaria
- Playtyhelmenthes
- Rotifera
- Annelida
- Mollusca
- Nematoda
- Arhtropoda
- Echinoderamta
- Chordata
What are these groups called? How are they subdivided?
(I.e check your text and what you saw in lab – what characteristics differentiate the groups?)
Know what is and how do you tell what is a:
INTERCONNECTEDNESS
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BIOL212 NSCC
-
Study Outline for Final Experience
June 2012
Lophotrochozoa
Ecdyszoa
Deuterostomia
What is the difference between a Choanocyte and a Choanoflagellate?
Phylum Arthropoda
- general characteristics?
- Chelicerates – arachnids
- Myriapods – millipedes & centipedes
- INSECTS
- CRUSTACEANS
Phylum Echinodermata
- deuterostomes
- Asteroidea
- Echinoidea
Phylum Chordata
- deuterostomes
- 4 subphyla:
- Cephalochordata (lancelets)
- Urochordata (tunicates)
- Craniates
- Myxini (hagfishes)
- Vertebrata
Animal form and function are correlated at all levels of organization. (I.e. anatomy &
physiology are related. Size & shape? Hierarchical Organization of body plans? Organ
systems?
Dumb
King
Phillip
Could
Only
Find
Green
Snakes
(Sometimes)
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum (Phyla)*
Class
Order
Family
Genus (Genera)
Species
(Sub-species)
*In Botany, Phyla are called Divisions
Chondrichthyes
Osteichthyes
Amphibia
Reptilia
Aves
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BIOL212 NSCC
Study Outline for Final Experience
June 2012
Mammalia (Monotremata, Marsupialia, Eutherea)
Feedback control maintains the internal environment of many animals.
Homeostatic processes for thermoregulation involve form, function & behavior.
Energy requirements are related to animal size, activity & environment.
What are the organ systems in mammals? Components? Functions?
[Esp. Digestive, Ventilation (Respiratory), Immune, Reproductive, Excretory &
Circulatory!] Osmoregulation
Endothermic, ectothermic, poikilothermic, homeothermic?
An animal’s diet must supply chemical energy, organic molecules and essential nutrients.
Vitamins? Essential amino acids, minerals? Undernutrition vs. malnutrition? Golden
rice?
The main stages of food processing are ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination.
Terms? Mechanical, chemical and enzymatic components?
Organs specialized for sequential stages of food processing form the mammalian
digestive system. (And how these vary from other animals’ digestive strategies.)
Evolutionary adaptations of vertebrate digestive systems correlate with diet.
What are the four main feeding mechanisms?
Feedback circuits regulate digestion, energy storage, and appetite.
Directional, disruptive & stabilizing selection.
Homologous and vestigial structures from a common ancestor vs. convergent evolution
Circulatory systems link exchange surfaces with cells throughout the body.
What are the various types? And how do the function?
Coordinated cycles of heart contraction drive double circulation in mammals.
How does this compare with the other types? Esp. how this compares with the other
types of vertebrate circulatory systems? How many are there? How are they the same
and how are they different?
Patterns of blood pressure and flow reflect the structure and arrangement of blood
vessels. What is the structure of arteries and veins, arterioles and venules, capillaries?
What is the function of the lymphatic system? (See also immunity.) Why is blood
pressure lowest in the capillary beds? How does this help the various functions?
INTERCONNECTEDNESS
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BIOL212 NSCC
Study Outline for Final Experience
June 2012
Blood composition and function:
Plasma (55%)
Water, Ions (Electrolytes), Plasma proteins
Cellular elements (45%)
Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)
Basophils
Lymphocytes
Eosinophils
Neutrophils
Monocytes
Platelets
Eurythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)
Hæmoglobin (“vs.” myoglobin)
Gas exchange – Respiratory System (structure, function & benefits) - Ventilation
Gas exchange occurs across specialized respiratory surfaces:
Partial Pressure
Gills
Countercurrent Exchange
Tracheal System
Tracheae
Tracheoles
Lungs (generally, but specifically for mammals and birds!)
Nasal Cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi (Bronchus)
Broncioles
Alveoli (Aviolus)
Diaphram
Surfacant
Positive Pressure Breathing
Negative Pressure Breathing
Tidal Volume
Vital Capacity
Residual Volume
Avian Ventilation
Air Sacs
Parabronchi
Airflow
INTERCONNECTEDNESS
REDUCE – REUSE – RECYCLE
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BIOL212 NSCC
Study Outline for Final Experience
June 2012
Immune System
Innate Immunity
Recognition and response rely on traits common to groups of pathogens
Invertebrates vs. vertebrates
Barrier defenses
Cellular Innate Defenses
Toll-like Receptors
Neutrophils
Macrophages
Eosinophils
Dendritic cells
Natural Killer Cells
Antimicrobial Peptides & Proteins
Interferons
Complement System
Inflammatory Response
Histamines (antihistamines)
Mast cells
Cytokines
Adaptive (Acquired) Immunity
Found only in vertebrates
Receptor provide pathogen-specific recognition
Defends against infection of body fluids and body cells
Lysozyme
Phagocytosis
Humoral & cellular response
Lymphocytes
T cells – thymus
Helper T cells
Antigen-presenting cells
B cells – bone marrow
Antigen & antigen receptors
Epitope
Effector cells
Memory Cells
Clonal Selection
Immunoglobulin (Ig)
Immunological Memory
Primary Immune Response
INTERCONNECTEDNESS
REDUCE – REUSE – RECYCLE
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BIOL212 NSCC
Study Outline for Final Experience
June 2012
Secondary Immune Response
Active & Passive immunity
Immunization & Vaccination
Tools
Monoclonal antibodies
Blood groups
Tissue & Organ transplants
Allergies
Autoimmune diseases
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Lupus, etc.
AIDS
Latency (“Shingles”)
Cancer
Excretory System: Osmoregulation & Excretion
Osmosis & Osmotic Challenges
Marine vs. Freshwater organisms
Terrestrial dwellers
Countercurrent exchange
Ammonia vs. Urea vs. Uric Acid
Renal structure
Renal corpuscle, Loop of Henle
Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction:
Fission
Budding
Parthenogenesis
“Reproductive Handicap”
Sexual Reproduction:
Ova (Ovum)
Sperm
Zygote
Fertilization
Animal Development:
Cleavage
Morula vs. Blastula
Gastrulation
INTERCONNECTEDNESS
REDUCE – REUSE – RECYCLE
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BIOL212 NSCC
Study Outline for Final Experience
June 2012
Neurulation, somites
Cytoplasmic Determinants
Fate Mapping & Cell Fate
Limb Development
Example short & long answer questions:
(Note there are some questions in the list above that would make good
questions for the final…..)
Explain the biological, morphological, ecological and phylogenetic species
concepts, gene flow, and reproductive isolation. (20 points)
Use three examples that demonstrate that the term "descent with
modification" applies to the phyla of animals we have studied this quarter.
Among eumetazoans, embryos may be diploblastic or triploblastic. What
is the difference? (In other words “define”.) 2 points (extra point for defining
eumetazoan.)
Explain how tapeworms can survive without a coelom, a mouth, a digestive
system or an excretory system! (3 points)
What are choanocytes and choanoflagellates, where are they found and
what is their evolutionary significance? (10 points)
(There may be an additional sheet of sample questions added later.)
INTERCONNECTEDNESS
REDUCE – REUSE – RECYCLE
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