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BIOL212 Experience 3 (Test) “Study Guide” 30 May 2012 **** All quizzes and tests are cumulative!! **** For this one, the emphasis will be on Circulation, Respiration, Osmoregulation and Excretion, Immunity, some Reproduction and early Development (Chap. 42, 43, 44, 46 & Sec. 47.1 & 47.2) You should be able to define any term printed in bold in the text, even if the term was not mentioned in class. Also, check the chapter reviews & concept checks. Be sure you can answer those questions! Circulatory systems link exchange surfaces with cells throughout the body. What are the various types? And how do the function? Coordinated cycles of heart contraction drive double circulation in mammals. How does this compare with the other types? Esp. how this compares with the other types of vertebrate circulatory systems? How many are there? How are they the same and how are they different? Patterns of blood pressure and flow reflect the structure and arrangement of blood vessels. What is the structure of arteries and veins, arterioles and venules, capillaries? What is the function of the lymphatic system? (See also immunity.) Why is blood pressure lowest in the capillary beds? How does this help the various functions? Blood composition and function: Plasma (55%) Water, Ions (Electrolytes), Plasma proteins Cellular elements (45%) Leukocytes (White Blood Cells) Basophils Lymphocytes Eosinophils Neutrophils Monocytes Platelets Eurythrocytes (Red Blood Cells) Hæmoglobin (“vs.” myoglobin) Gas exchange – Respiratory System (structure, function & benefits) - Ventilation Gas exchange occurs across specialized respiratory surfaces: Partial Pressure Gills Countercurrent Exchange Tracheal System Tracheae Tracheoles INTERCONNECTEDNESS REDUCE – REUSE – RECYCLE 1 BIOL212 Experience 3 (Test) “Study Guide” 30 May 2012 Lungs (generally, but specifically for mammals and birds!) Nasal Cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi (Bronchus) Broncioles Alveoli (Aviolus) Diaphram Surfacant Positive Pressure Breathing Negative Pressure Breathing Tidal Volume Vital Capacity Residual Volume Avian Ventilation Air Sacs Parabronchi Airflow Immune System Innate Immunity Recognition and response rely on traits common to groups of pathogens Invertebrates vs. vertebrates Barrier defenses Cellular Innate Defenses Toll-like Receptors Neutrophils Macrophages Eosinophils Dendritic cells Natural Killer Cells Antimicrobial Peptides & Proteins Interferons Complement System Inflammatory Response Histamines (antihistamines) Mast cells Cytokines INTERCONNECTEDNESS REDUCE – REUSE – RECYCLE 2 BIOL212 Experience 3 (Test) “Study Guide” 30 May 2012 Adaptive (Acquired) Immunity Found only in vertebrates Receptor provide pathogen-specific recognition Defends against infection of body fluids and body cells Lysozyme Phagocytosis Humoral & cellular response Lymphocytes T cells – thymus Helper T cells Antigen-presenting cells B cells – bone marrow Antigen & antigen receptors Epitope Effector cells Memory Cells Clonal Selection Immunoglobulin (Ig) Immunological Memory Primary Immune Response Secondary Immune Response Active & Passive immunity Immunization & Vaccination Tools Monoclonal antibodies Blood groups Tissue & Organ transplants Allergies Autoimmune diseases Rheumatoid Arthritis Lupus, etc. AIDS Latency (“Shingles”) Cancer Excretory System: Osmoregulation & Excretion Osmosis & Osmotic Challenges Marine vs. Freshwater organisms Terrestrial dwellers Countercurrent exchange INTERCONNECTEDNESS REDUCE – REUSE – RECYCLE 3 BIOL212 Experience 3 (Test) “Study Guide” 30 May 2012 Ammonia vs. Urea vs. Uric Acid Renal structure Renal corpuscle, Loop of Henle Reproduction Asexual Reproduction: Fission Budding Parthenogenesis “Reproductive Handicap” Sexual Reproduction: Ova (Ovum) Sperm Zygote Fertilization (Details on reproduction & development not already addressed will be on final.) INTERCONNECTEDNESS REDUCE – REUSE – RECYCLE 4