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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of the study
There are two types of language varieties; they are spoken language and
written language. Most of us intuitively understand that oral language is different
from written language. All communication includes the transfer of information from
one person to another, and while the transfer of information is only the first step in
the process of understanding a complex phenomenon; this is the first important
step. Writing is a fairly static form of transfer. Speaking is a dynamic transfer of
information. To be an effective speaker, one must exploit the dynamism of oral
communication and learn to work within its limitations. While there is a higher
level of immediacy and a lower level of retention in oral communication, a speaker
is able to engage the audience psychologically and to use complex forms of nonverbal communication
The written language can be significantly more precise. Written words can
be chosen with greater deliberation and thought, and a written argument can be
extraordinarily sophisticated, intricate, and lengthy. These attributes of writing are
possible because the pace of involvement is controlled by both the writer and the
reader. The writer can write and rewrite at great length, a span of time which in
some cases can be measured in years. Similarly, the reader can read quickly or
slowly or even stop to think about what he or she has just read. More importantly,
the reader always has the option of re-reading; even if that option is not exercised,
its mere possibility has an effect upon a reader's understanding of a text. The
written word appeals more to a contemplative, deliberative style.
For most people language is “oral language”, consisting of a systematically
organized set of oral-aural symbols. It is uttered by the speaker and is interpreted by
the listener. The writing system only imperfectly reflects the “spoken-heard” form
of language. To understand writing we must correctly relate it to its communicative
context. Because of this imperfect representation, there is more room for the reader
to misunderstand the real message of the text than the listener understands the
speaker.
Translating a text is not as easy as what people think and cannot be done
simply without good consideration. And people by all means do not have the
background or science which deals with translation will find many difficulties in
translating the text. Recognizing and understanding the source language and the
target language is not enough if we want to translate; however, knowledge is
needed. A translator has to have wide and good knowledge, whether knowledge of
the source language or knowledge of the target language itself, and should also
know the cultural background of both languages. Translation is ultimately a human
activity which enables human beings to exchange ideas and thoughts regardless of
the different tongues used. All Wassety (2001) views the phenomenon of translation
as legitimate offspring of the phenomenon of language, since originally, when
humans spread over the earth, their languages differed and they needed a means
through which people speaking a certain language (tongue) would interact with
other who spoke a different language.
According to Sneddon (1996: 246) the person or thing we want to talk about
is usually expressed as the subject of the clause. If we want to talk about the actor
we make it the subject of the verb and use an active verb. Active transitive verbs
have prefix MeN-. The construction is called an active clause or stated to be in
active voice. The other participant in the action is expressed by the object in an
active clause. If we want to focus our attention on this person or thing we make it
the subject of the passive form of the verb. The construction is called a passive
clause or stated to be in passive voice. The actor expressed by an agent phrase
follows the passive verb. In Indonesia a passive verb usually added by prefix di-.
For example:
Active
:
Mereka sudah menjemput Tomo.
They have met Tomo.
Passive :
Tomo sudah dijemput oleh mereka.
Tomo has been met by them.
The passive construction is more frequent in Indonesian rather than in
English. Typically, transformation from an active construction into a passive in both
languages involves no more than the changes. Components of the clause other than
subject, verb and object are not affected. As in English, passive constructions allow
the speaker to avoid mentioning the actor. This is sometimes necessary or desired
because the actor is not known, obvious, and not important, or because the action is
something which can be done by anyone. In most language styles passive
constructions are far more common in Indonesian than in English. Consequently, an
Indonesian passive voice can often only be translated into natural English by an
active construction. The following passive sentence is natural in Indonesian but
cannot be translated into English passive:
*
Anaknya sendiri tidak pernah dicarikannya jodoh” is a passive sentence
but it is translated into an active sentence in English “She has never
looked for a marriage partner for her own child.”
(Sneddon, 1996: 255)
In Indonesian, passive has two different forms, called ‘passive type one’ and
‘passive type two’. The choice of passive type is determined by the actor (Sneddon,
1996: 247). In passive type one, the actor is the third person, that is, pronoun dia or
mereka or a noun. The passive type one is also used if no actor is expressed. The
structure of an active clause and its corresponding passive type one is set out as
follows:
Active voice:
Subject (actor) + men- verb + Object (patient)
Passive voice:
Subject (patient) + di- verb + (oleh) + Agent (actor)
In passive type two, the agent is pronoun or pronoun substitute. The agent
phrase comes before the verb, which does not have a prefix. The structure of
passive two is as follows:
Subject (patient) + Agent (actor) + Verb
Singular
First
Person
Saya
Second
person
Kamu etc.
Third
person
dia
A
Plural
Kami, kita
B
mereka
nouns
Table 1.1
*
Passive type one is used when the actor is in box A.
*
Passive type two is used when the actor is in box B.
Beside using prefix di-, in Indonesian, passive voice can also be formed by
using prefix ter-, ber-, and circumfix ke – an. These are examples which are related
to passive form without di-:
1. Kaki orang itu terinjak oleh Ahmad.
(The man’s foot was trampled on by Ahmad.)
2. Rumahnya kedatangan penjahat. (= didatangi)
(His house was visited by criminals.)
3. Kain itu berlipat pada tepinya. (= dilipat)
(The piece of cloth was folded at the edges.)
In English, the active passive relation involves two grammatical ‘levels’: the
verb phrase and the clause. In the verb phrase, the difference between the two voice
categories is that the passive adds a form of auxiliary be- and the past participle
(the –ed form) to the main verb. At the clause level, passivization involves
rearrangement of two clausal elements and one addition:
(a) The active subject becomes the passive agent;
(b) The active object becomes the passive subject;
(c) The preposition by is introduced before the agent.
The prepositional phrase of a passive sentence is an optional sentence
element (Quirk, 1972: 801).
It is interesting to discuss and analyze passive construction especially from
Indonesian into English because, here, the passive is not only translated from
passive into passive but can also be found that passive can be translated into active
to make the message sound natural in the target language. This topic is already
discussed by a former student but he only discussed two types of Indonesian passive
constructions, that is, passive with prefix di-, prefix ter- and passive translated into
active. While in this thesis, the passive with prefix ber- has been found which,
according to Dr. Liaw Yock Fang, can be categorized as passive construction. The
source text is taken from a novel which is already translated from Indonesian into
English. The title of the novel is Cerita dalam Keheningan written by Zara Zettira
ZR. and is translated into Every Silence has a Story by Ronaldo.
1.2
Problems of the Study
Based on the previous discussion, some problems can be formulated as
follows:
1. What types of Indonesian passive constructions are found in the novel
Cerita dalam Keheningan?
2. What are the equivalents of Indonesian passive constructions in English
found in this novel?
3. What kind of shifts occurring from the Source Language text (SL) into the
Target Language (TL) concerning passive construction?
4. Are there any loss and gain of information concerning passive sentences
found in this novel?
1.3
Objectives of the Study
Generally this study has an objective to improve our knowledge, especially
in the area of translation, as well as to put into application the theories and concepts
of translation by conducting a research. Transitive verb has two voices, active and
passive. The active form is a person, animal, or object indicated by the subject
which does something on the other. The passive is a person, animal or object which
is stated to suffer from something else. The study focuses on passive constructions
in Indonesian and their translations into English which could involve shifts and also
loss and gain of information in their translation.
Basically, the objective of this study is to analyze Indonesian passive
constructions and their translations into English. Specifically this study aims at:
1. Finding out the types of Indonesian passive constructions found in the novel
Cerita dalam Keheningan.
2. Analyzing the Indonesian passive constructions and their equivalents in English.
3. Describing what kind of shifts occurred from SL text into TL concerning
passive construction.
4. Finding out loss and gain of information concerning the passive sentences found
in this novel.
1.4
Scope of the Study
The discussion of this study covers identifying, analyzing and studying the
types of Indonesian passive constructions in the SL text and the equivalent found in
the TL, and then determining which is retained as passive and which is not retained
as passive in English. This study will be focused on passive constructions with
prefix di- and its variations, prefix ter-, prefix ber-, and passive which is translated
into active.
1.5
Significance of the Study
The significance of this study includes the following:
1.5.1 Theoretical Significance
This study will enrich research on the analysis of passive construction,
especially in Indonesian and English passive constructions. The result of this
study hopefully can give useful benefit to translation studies and can be a
good reference for further research especially to those who take the topic
related to passive constructions.
1.5.2 Practical Significance
This study is intended to be a useful research to develop the strategy in finding
the equivalent of passive constructions between two languages, that is,
Indonesian and English. It can be proposed to be a subject of grammatical
structure which can be learnt by anybody who wants to know about passive
constructions.
CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW, CONCEPTS AND
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
2.1
Literature Review
Some theses and an article related to translation especially passive
construction are reviewed in this study to give comparison and input to this writing:
First, Putra (2004) in his thesis entitled “Translating into Indonesian the
Function of –ing suffix in the Novel “Bloodline” says that gerund-participle
construction after the word ‘need’ and ‘worth’ carries a passive meaning. GerundParticiple construction after the word ‘need’ and ‘worth’ is translated into ‘perlu
di…’ or ‘bermanfaat untuk di……’ in target language. For example, “This shoe
needs repairing” which is translated into “Sepatu ini perlu diperbaiki”. “The film is
worth seeing” which is translated into “Film itu bermanfaat untuk ditonton”.
Second, Sujaya (2003) in his thesis entitled “Skewing in English – Indonesian
Translation” states that the use of passive constructions also shows skewing, in this
case skewing between propositional and grammatical forms. For example, “My car
was stolen” which is the passive form of “Someone stole my car”, is used to state
the focus is on the car. Besides, the person who stole it is unknown, so the agent
cannot be specified. Since there is a change of grammatical form and semantic
structure, there is skewing of propositional structure and clause structure. This
thesis is also highly relevant to the present study since passive construction is
frequently shifted or skewed in the TL.
Third, a thesis is written by Dewa Putu Arsa (2005), entitled “Indonesian
Passive Constructions and Their Equivalence in English found in Collective Labour
Agreement”. He states that passive construction is commonly used both in
Indonesian and in English. In Indonesian, passive construction is marked or
characterized by prefix di- and prefix ter-. Prefix di- is sometimes combined with
suffix –kan and –i. In English passive construction is formed by Be + verb past
participle. For example, prefix di- and ter-, “Dokter perusahaan, ialah dokter yang
ditunjuk oleh perusahaan…….” Which is translated into “The Company’s doctor is
the doctor appointed by ……”. “Upah yang diterima oleh pekerja sudah termasuk
tunjangan transportasi” which is translated into “The transportation allowance is
included in the salary received by the employee”.
An article about passive voice which is written by C. A. Perez in Enzine
Article is also used to give an overview about the advantages of using the passive
voice over active voice. The title of this article is Passive Voice is a Good Choice
over Active Voice – 3 Reasons Why. This article explains about the fact that passive
has its place and sometimes is a good choice over active voice. Passive can be a
preferable construction. Besides being sometimes preferable, passive voice can also
be profitable. Here are three reasons for choosing passive over active voice.

Variety

Emphasis

Keywords
Variety
Active should be the predominant verb voice that we use throughout our
article. It does help the reader understand what we are trying to say. It forces
sentences to be more concise. However, an article that uses active voice
exclusively can be too staccato and sound like a monotonous drumbeat.
Inserting an occasional passive voice sentence will add some variety. In fact,
in some situations, we may not have a choice or it would be awkward to use
active voice.
For Example (passive): "It is written, 'Thou shall not use passive voice'.
To change it into active would be awkward. "God, Shakespeare, somebody
wrote, 'Thou shall not use passive voice'." The passive sentence has a certain
mystique or quality that the active one does not have.
Emphasis
Another opportunity to use passive for emphasis is this example.
Suppose we are writing an article on reasons why active is the preferred voice
to use. One reason could be:
For example (passive): "Visuals are created in the reader's mind by active
voice." Here the emphasis is on the reason, visuals. To change it into active:
"Active voice creates visuals in the reader's mind." It is your choice.
Keywords
Here is where using passive is most profitable. As we know,
emphasizing keywords is critical to SEO (Search Engine Optimization). As in
the previous example, in the passive voice, we can bring those keywords to
the forefront in your titles and in your opening paragraphs to capture the
reader's attention.
For example: Let us suppose that our keyword is "apple jelly". In a title
(passive): "Apple jelly is made from good apples." To change it into active:
"Good apples make good apple jelly." But your keyword, "apple jelly", may
not be read because it is not at the forefront.
2.2
Concepts
There are some concepts that need to be explained in relation to translation,
Indonesian passive construction, English passive construction, shift and also lost
and gain.
2.2.1
The Concept of Translation
There are actually many definitions in terms of translation, commonly
referring to the same notion. The differences are in a sense quite understandable;
the differences may depend on the text translated, the target readers, the translator
and the language itself. It is due to the fact that language constantly changes to
different styles. Bell (1991: 6) stated that translation is the replacement of a
representation of a text in one language by a representation of an equivalent text in
a second language. In translation the form of the source language is replaced by the
form which can be very different in the target language. Thus a translation
acceptable in one period is often quite unacceptable at a later time. Larson (1998: 3)
state that the purpose of translating is to transfer the meaning of the source language
into the target language, which is done by replacing the form of the first language to
the form of a second language by way of semantic structure.
2.2.2
The Concept of Indonesian Passive Construction
Each language has its own form and structure. Indonesian and English are
two different languages which have different grammatical structures, especially in
passive construction. The forms of the Indonesian passive construction are mostly
marked by prefix di + base of verb.
Passive constructions are very frequently found in Indonesian and English
text. One of the problems appear in translating a text is rendering the meaning of
passive construction in source language ,that is, English into the target language
,that is, Indonesian or vice versa because these two languages have their own
system and structure. Hasan Alwi dkk. (1998:345) states that passivizing
Indonesian active sentence can be done in two ways, they are : (1) by using verbs
which are attached by prefix di-, and (2) by using verbs without prefix di-. Passive
forms without di- can be in the forms of using prefix ter-, ber- and circumfix ke –
an.
2.2.3
The Concept of English Passive Construction
In English passive constructions, Larson (1998: 245) in his book states
that the distinction between passive and active verbs is common to many languages.
Quirk, (1972: 801) in his book states that passive constructions are made by adding
a form of auxiliary be and the past participle (the –ed form) of the main verb. In
semantic structure, all event propositions are active and the agents are expressed,
but in the surface structure grammar of languages, the passive form often occurs.
2.2.4
The Concept of Shift
Since every language has its own system of grammar and lexicon, in
transferring the meaning of the source language into target language text, shift
become unavoidable facts. In line with this, Catford (in Venuti, 2000: 141) states
that what is meant by shift is departure from formal correspondence in the process
of going the source language into target language.
2.2.5 The Concept of Loss and Gain
No translation in a receptor (target) language can be the exact equivalent of
the text in the source language. It means that information in the widest sense
(including the lexical and connotative meanings) in the target language is inevitably
different from that in the source language (Margono, 2000:8).
There is no exact equivalent in language and translation. So there are many
ways that can be adopted by the translator in order to translate the text in a very
natural way. However, the phenomena of loss and gain of information seem
something common in translation as stated by Nida (1975) in his principles of
correspondence, “Formal equivalent focuses attention on the message itself, in both
form and content. In such a translation one is concerned with the messages in the
receptor language that it should match as closely possible with different elements in
the source language. This means that the message in the receptor culture is
constantly compared with the message in the source culture to determine the
standard of accuracy and correctness”.
So in the process of translation the
translator may add some information with the hope that it does not contradict the
message of the sentence.
2.3
Theoretical Framework
There are few theoretical frameworks used in this study, they are:
methodology of translation by Vinay and Darbelnet, types and functions of
Indonesian passive constructions by Hasan Alwi dkk., Dr. Liaw Yock Fang and
James Neil Sneddon, the theory of English passive constructions by Randolph
Quirk, the theory of shift by Catford is used to discuss about the shift occurring in
passive constructions from the SL into the
TL, and also the concept of loss and
gain are proposed by Nida is used to find loss and gain of information concerning
passive sentences.
2.3.1
Active and Passive
Keith Brown and Jim Miller in their book “Syntax: A Linguistic
Introduction to Sentence Structure, Second Edition” (1980, 125 – 127), explains
that any human language contains many different constructions; using examples
from English, we will see that instead of filing a given construction separately in its
own pigeonhole, we should establish and make explicit its relationships with other
constructions. The essential point is that the constructions of a given language do
not make up an unconnected list but form a network of interconnections. Some
interconnections are straightforward, as in the constructions in no. 1 and no. 2:
1. The dog was sleeping under the tree
2. Under the tree the dog was sleeping
No. 1 and no. 2 describe the same situation, differing only with respect to
the constituent at the front of the sentence. No. 1 has a neutral order of constituents,
but in no. 2 the PP under the tree is in the first position, thereby enjoying
prominence over the other constituents. Why the speaker might wish to make it
prominent is not important for present purposes. We need only note that structure
no. 1, which is neutral, can be taken as basic, structure of no. 2, which is not
neutral, can be considered as derived from structure of no. 1. We can interpret
‘derivation’ literally, and assume that structure no. 2 is derived by taking structure
no. 1, detaching the PP under the tree and moving it to the front of the sentence.
But not all pairs of constructions enjoy such a straightforward relationship
as no. 1 and no. 2. Consider no. 3 and no. 4:
3. The cat has eaten the mouse
4. The mouse has been eaten by the cat
The semantic relationship lies primarily in the fact that both sentences share
the same ‘agent’ (the cat), responsible for the action described by the verb, and the
same ‘patient’ (the mouse), affected by the action described by the verb. One could
say that no. 3 describes the situation from the cat’s point of view, and no. 4
describes the same situation from the point of view of the mouse. For the present
purposes, the relevant semantic relationship is that in both sentences the cat does
the eating and the mouse is eaten. This is reflected in the traditional description of
sentences no. 3 as ‘active’ (agent subject) and no. 4 as ‘passive’ (patient subject).
No. 3 and no. 4 are considered to be related to the constituent structure. In
broad outline, the relationship consists of the following three components:
(1)
The NP (the mouse) that is the object of the verb in no. 3 ‘becomes’ the
subject of the verb in no. 4.
(2)
Correspondingly, the NP (the cat) that is the subject in no. 3 has the
preposition by adjoined to it to form the Prepositional Phrase (PP) by the cat,
and this now follows the verb.
(3)
In no. 3 the verbal constituent has eaten consist of the auxiliary verb has
followed by the past participle eaten. In the passive sentence the verb is
changed by the additional of been, a form of the verb BE, which is added
immediately after (and as a right sister to) the auxiliary verb. We call this
form of the verb BE the ‘passive auxiliary’.
The active – passive relationship can be generalized to any sentence
containing a transitive verb. It can be said that in any active sentence, the main verb
is replaced by BE or GET and the passive participle form of the main verb; eaten in
no. 3 is replaced by was eaten.
2.3.2 Passive as a Foregrounding and Backgrounding Operation
According to Edward L. Keenan in the book “Language Typology and
Syntactic Description” (1986; 243 – 244), passive can be said as a foregrounding
and backgrounding operation. Consider the following sentences:
(1)
a. Mary slapped John
b. John was slapped
c. John was slapped by Mary
Functionally speaking, passives such as (1b) and (1c) maybe considered
foregrounding construction compared with the syntactically less marked and
pragmatically more neutral active, (1a): they ‘topicalize’ (‘foreground’, ‘draw our
attention to’) an element, John, which is not normally presented as topical in active.
To this extent passives are similar to what we shall here call topicalizations, (2b)
below, and left-dislocations, (3b) below, both prominent foregrounding
constructions across the world’s languages.
(2)
a. I like beans
b. Beans I like
(3)
a. Congressmen don’t respect the President anymore
b. As for the President, congressmen don’t respect him anymore.
Functionally, the passives differ from these sentences in at least two ways.
First, by eliminating the subject of the active, as in (1b), or by relegating it to the
status of an oblique NP, as in (1c), they background the active subject in ways in
which the topicalization of left- dislocations do not.
Moreover, the passives seem to be weaker foregrounding construction than
either the topicalizations or left-dislocations. Thus in (3b) the President is somehow
more of a topic than congressmen, the subject (= unmarked topic) of (3a). But in
John was slapped, John seems to be a topic only to the same extent that Mary is in
the corresponding active, Marry slapped John. Thus from a dislocated sentence
such as As for the President I saw him in Chicago a few days ago we cannot
naturally form In Chicago as for the President I saw him a few days ago. Such
examples suggest that it is difficult for a sentence to present more than one marked
topics.
It is, however, fully natural to topicalize from an already passive sentence.
Thus from The President was welcomed with open arms in Chicago we may
naturally form In Chicago the President was welcomed with open arms. It appears
then that the foregrounding inherent in passive does not compete with that
expressed by topicalization or left-dislocation.
Moreover, the fact that we can topicalize or dislocate from a passive
sentence is merely one example of a much broader difference in the syntactic nature
of passive, compared with topicalization and dislocation. It is quite generally the
case that the major syntactic operation in a language, such as nominalizing
operations (I was dismayed at John’s being fired), relative-clause formation (the
garden in which John was attacked), and yes-no question formation (Was John
attacked in the garden?), operate freely on passives (with some exceptions, such as
imperative formation). Generally then, basic passives tend to be well integrated into
the rest of the grammar, whereas topicalizations and dislocations tend to be limited
to main clauses.
2.3.3
Indonesian Passive Constructions
According to Alwi dkk in his book, Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia,
third edition (1998: 345-347), the meaning of active passive in the sentence
involves several things: (1) the type of verb as a predicate, (2) the subject and
object, and (3) the form of verbs used in the sentence. These are the examples of
active sentence:
(1). Pak Toha mengangkat seorang asisten baru.
(2). Pak Saleh harus memperbaiki dengan segera rumah tua itu.
(3). Saya sudah mencuci mobil itu.
All the examples above show that the verbs contained in each sentence are
transitive verb. Because the sentences are transitive, then there are at least three
compulsory elements in it, they are: the subject, predicate and object. The transitive
verbs which are used in an active form are the verbs using the prefix meng-.
Passive in Indonesian can be divided into two types: (1) by using verb which
is attached by prefix di-, and (2) by using verb without prefix di-. If we use S to
symbolize Subject, P for Predicate, and O for Object, changing active sentence into
passive sentence in Indonesian can be done by:
A. Passive Type I
1. Exchange S with O
2. Replace prefix meng- with di- in the verb
3. Add the word oleh in front of the actor
Example :
1. Active : Pak Toha mengangkat seorang asisten baru.
Passive : a. * Seorang asisten baru mengangkat Pak Toha. (false)
b.
Seorang asisten baru diangkat Pak Toha.
c.
Seorang asisten baru diangkat oleh Pak Toha.
From the examples above, we can see that the preposition oleh in sentence
(1.b) and (1.c) is optional. But if the predicate is not directly followed by the actor,
oleh is an obligatory. Based on the explanation above, the following sentence in
example 2 can be explained that sentence (2.a) is rejected as a form of passive
because the predicate is not directly followed by the actor, while the form of
sentence (2.b) can be received as a passive form because it is followed by
preposition oleh.
Example :
2. Active
: Pak Saleh harus memperbaiki dengan segera rumah tua itu.
Passive : a. * Rumah tua itu harus diperbaiki segera Pak Saleh. (false)
b.
Rumah tua itu harus diperbaiki segera oleh Pak Saleh.
B. Passive Type II
As mentioned above the form of passive which is derived from active
transitive sentence and the subject is pronoun can be done by using passive type II.
This is the way of forming passive sentence using passive type II:
1. Move O to the front of the sentence
2. Omit prefix meng- in the P
3. Move S to the suitable place before the verb
The following examples show which sentence can be categorized as passive
type II and which can not be categorized as passive type II. Sentence (3.a) and (3.b)
are rejected as a form of passive, while sentence (3.c) can be received as passive
form because it is accordance with passive type II.
Examples:
3. Active
:
Passive :
Saya sudah mencuci mobil itu.
a. * Mobil itu saya sudah mencuci. (false)
b. * Mobil itu saya sudah cuci. (false)
c.
Mobil itu sudah saya cuci.
If the subject of an active transitive sentence is filled by the third person
pronoun or the name which is relatively short, then the passive sentence can be
formed by using passive type I or passive type II as shown in the following
examples:
1. Active : Mereka akan membersihkan ruangan ini.
Passive :
a. Ruangan ini akan dibersihkan (oleh) mereka. ( p. type I)
b. Ruangan ini akan mereka bersihkan. ( p. type II)
2. Active :
Passive :
Dia sudah membaca buku itu.
a. Buku itu sudah dibaca olehnya/(oleh) dia. ( p. type I)
b. Buku itu sudah dibacanya/dia baca. ( p. type II)
3. Active :
Passive :
Ayah belum mendengar berita duka itu.
a. Berita duka itu belum didengar (oleh) ayah. ( p. type I)
b. Berita duka itu belum ayah dengar. ( p. type II)
When the subject of an active transitive sentence is long, the equivalent in
forming passive sentence can be formed by using passive type I like in the
examples above. Sentence (1.a) is rejected as passive form because the subject is
long, while sentence (1.b) is categorized as passive because even though the subject
is long but the order is right.
Example:
1. Active : Susilawati Hamid belum mendengar berita duka itu.
Passive : a. * Berita duka itu belum Susilawati Hamid dengar. (false)
b.
Berita duka itu belum didengar (oleh) Susilawati
Hamid. ( p. type I)
In Indonesian, the meaning of passive can also be combined with another
element, which means to do something not on purpose. When an active sentence is
changed into passive sentence and the act shown by the verb in passive sentence
means doing something not on purpose, then the form of prefix used in the verb of
passive form is not prefix di- anymore but change into prefix ter-. The following
examples show the differences between the meanings of using prefix di- and prefix
ter- :
Examples :
1. (a) Pintu mobil itu dibuka.
(b) Pintu mobil itu terbuka.
2. (a) Penumpang itu dilempar keluar.
(b) Penumpang itu terlempar keluar.
Sentence (1.a) shows that someone is doing something on purpose. On the
other side, sentence (1.b) shows that the situation or someone is doing something
thing not on purpose. In sentence (2.b) the passenger is thrown by someone or
perhaps thrown by the shocking bus.
In addition to containing the meaning not on purpose, the passive verb that
uses prefix ter- also has the meaning of God’s will or power of nature.
Example:
1. Gunung Agung terletak di Kabupaten Karangasem.
2. Masalah itu terlepas dari rasa senang dan tidak senang.
There is another form of passive where the predicate has an adversative
meaning. Adversative verb is put in predicate and means unpleasant. This kind of
verb takes circumfix ke---an.
Examples:
1. a. Soal itu diketahui oleh orang tuanya.
b. Soal itu ketahuan orang tuanya.
2. a. Partai kita dimasuki unsur kiri.
b. Partai kita kemasukan unsur kiri.
As we can observe from the two examples above that the verb ‘ketahuan’ in
(1.b) and ‘kemasukan‘ in sentence (2.b) indicate something unexpected or
unpleasant.
According to Fang in his book, Indonesian Grammar Made Easy (1998: 25 –
27), only active and transitive sentence can be transformed into passive sentence.
The subject in the transitive sentences is said to be performing or doing the action
indicated by the verb. The subject is said to be the doer or actor. Some grammarians
call transitive sentences as subject or actor-focus sentences.
Transitive sentences can be transformed into passive sentences by:
(1)
Making the object of the active sentence the subject of the passive
sentence;
(2)
Replacing the prefix men- with di-
(3)
Making the subject of the active sentence the agent, recipient of the
passive form signaled by the preposition oleh (by) which may be left if the
doer is obvious or unimportant.
Passive sentence is also called object-focus sentence, because in these
sentences it is the object that is the focus of our attention. Passive sentence is used
far more common in Indonesian than in English, especially in newspaper headlines.
Some grammarians argue that the rules for transforming active sentence into
passive sentence only apply if the subject or doer is the third person. If the subject
or doer is the first or the second person, the rules are not applicable.
Example:
1. Active : Saya mengambil pensil itu.
( I took the pencil )
Passive : a. Pensil itu diambil (oleh) saya.
b. Pensil itu saya ambil.
(The pencil was taken by me.)
2. Active
: Aku sudah menulis karangan itu.
(I have written the article.)
Passive : a. Karangan itu sudah ditulis oleh aku.
b. Karangan itu sudah kutulis.
(The article has been written by me.)
3. Active
: Kamu harus membaca buku ini.
(You must read this book.)
Passive : a. Buku itu harus dibaca oleh kamu.
b. Buku itu harus kamu baca.
(This book must be read by you.)
Most grammarians reject (1.a), (2.a) and (3.a), as the passive form of
sentences 1 – 3. To them, the correct forms are (1.b), (2.b) and (3.b). The only
grammarian who accepts (1.a), (2.a) and (3.a) as the passive form of sentences 1 – 3
is Gorys Keraf (1991: 76), the writer of a very popular grammar book for secondary
schools entitled Tatabahasa Indonesia Untuk Sekolah Lanjutan Atas (Indonesian
Grammar for Upper Secondary Schools). Macdonald and Soejono (1967: 235) also
accepted this form.
Readers, especially students sitting for examinations, are strongly advised to
learn the form favored by most grammarians. The rules for creating this passive
form may be summed up as follows:
(1)
Make the object of the active sentence the subject of the passive form;
(2)
Delete the prefix men-;
(3)
Place the subject immediately before the predicator; if the subject is aku
or engkau, change it into ku or kau and join it together with the
predicator.
(4)
Auxiliary verbs should be placed before the subject;
(5)
The position of the adverbial remains unchanged.
Below are some more examples on the application of these rules:
1
Active
:
Passive :
2. Active
:
Passive :
3. Active
Saya menendang bola itu. (I kicked the ball.)
Bola itu saya tendang. (The ball was kicked by me.)
Aku menerima nasihatnya. (I accepted his advice.)
Nasihatnya kuterima. (His advice was accepted by me.)
:
Engkau menerima nasihatnya. (You accepted his advice.)
Passive :
Nasihatnya kauterima. (The advice was accepted by you.)
4. Active
:
Saudara harus mengundang Pak Lurah.
(You must invite the village chief.)
Passive :
Pak Lurah harus Saudara undang.
(The village chief must be invited by you.)
Beside the prefix di-, prefix ter- and circumfix ke – an are also used to
express the passive voice in Indonesian. The only difference between the two
prefixes is that the sentence with the prefix ter- implies that the action as
accidentally done:
1.
a. Kaki orang itu diinjak oleh Ahmad.
(The man’s food was trampled on by Ahmad.)
b. Kaki orang itu terinjak oleh Ahmad.
(The man’s food was accidentally trampled on by Ahmad.)
2.
a. Rumah itu dibakar tadi malam.
(The house was burned down last night.)
b. Rumah itu terbakar tadi malam.
(The house was burned down by accident last night.)
Lastly, it should be noted that the circumffix ke – an has also a passive overtone:
1. Saya kedinginan oleh udara itu. (= ditimpa dingin)
(I suffered from the cold of the weather.)
2. Soal itu ketahuan oleh orang tuanya. (= diketahui)
(The matter was known by his parents.
3. Kemarin saya kecurian uang. (= kena curi)
(Yesterday my money was stolen.)
4. Rumahnya kedatangan penjahat. (= didatangi)
(His house was visited by criminals.)
Now and then, we may come across the prefix ber- used to express the passive
voice:
*
Kain itu berlipat pada tepinya. (= dilipat)
(The piece of cloth was folded in the edges.)
James Neil Sneddon in his book, Indonesian Reference Grammar (1996:
247) classifies passive construction in Indonesian into two types and the choice of
the type is determined by the actor.
A. Passive Type I
In passive type one the actor is the third person, that is pronoun dia or
mereka or a noun. Passive type one is also used if no actor is expressed. The
structure of an active clause and its corresponding passive type one is set out as
follows:
Active voice:
Subject (actor) + MeN- verb + Object (patient)
Passive voice:
Subject (patient) + di- verb + (oleh) + Agent (actor)
This structure is illustrated by the following active clause and its passive
transformation:
1
Active
: Dia menjemput saya. ( He met me.)
Passive : Saya dijemput oleh dia. ( I was met by him.)
A third person singular agent can be expressed by either ‘dia’ or –nya. They
are optionally preceded by ‘oleh’:
1. Saya dijemputnya/ olehnya.
2. Saya dijemput dia/ oleh dia.
B. Passive Type II
In passive type II the agent is a pronoun or pronoun substitute. The agent
phrase comes before the verb which does not have a prefix.
Example :
1. Kami menjemput dia. ( We met him.)
2. Dia kami jemput. (He was met by us.)
2.3.4
English Passive Constructions
Quirk (1972: 802-810) states that voice is a grammatical category which
makes it possible to view the action of a sentence in two ways, without changing
the facts reported.
Example:
ACTIVE : The butler murdered the detective
PASSIVE : The detective was murdered by the butler
ACTIVE
PASSIVE
Present:
Kisses
~ is kissed
Past:
Kissed
~ was kissed
Modal:
May kiss
~ may be kissed
Perfective:
Has kissed
~ has been kissed
Progressive:
Is kissing
~ is being kissed
Modal + perfective:
May have kissed
~ may have been kissed
Table 2.1
The active-passive relation involves two grammatical ‘levels’: the verb phrase and
the clause. In the verb phrase, the difference between the two voice categories is
that the passive adds a form of the auxiliary be and the past participle (the –ed
form) of the main verb. At the clause level, passivization involves rearrangement of
two clause elements and one addition. (a) The active subject becomes the passive
agent, (b) the active object becomes the passive subject, and (c) the preposition by
is introduced before the agent. The prepositional agent phrase of passive sentence is
an optional sentence element. The process of active-passive transformation for a
monotransitive sentence with nominal object can be represented diagrammatically.
S
V
O
John
kissed
ACTIVE SUBJECT
ACTIVE VERB
PASIVE SUBJECT
PASSIVE
Mary
was kissed
S
VERB
Vpass
Mary
ACTIVE OBJECT
OPTIONAL AGENT
(by Jhon)
O
Figure 2.1
Alternatively, voice transformation can be expressed in this formula:
noun phrase1 + active verb phrase + noun phrase2
~ noun phrase2 + passive verb phrase + ( by noun phrase1)
Biber (1999: 475-482) add that transitive verbs are usually active and can
also occur in the passive voice. Most passive constructions are formed with the
auxiliary be followed by an ed- participle. The noun phrase in the by- phrase is
commonly referred to as the agent, although it could serve other semantic roles.
The passive construction with by- phrase is called the long passive. In contrast,
the short passive (or agentless passive) does not have by-phrase.
Examples:
1. Dormancy is associated with short duration.
2. Elements are usually classified as metals or non-metals.
Passive constructions form a fuzzy category, grading into be + predicative
adjectives with static meaning. For example, participial forms such as delighted
and excited are clearly adjectival rather than passive verbs:
Examples:
1. We are delighted with the result.
2. I ought to be excited.
In academic writing, many of the verbs that most commonly occur in the
passive refer to aspects of scientific methodology and analysis.
Examples:
1. The rate of profit can only be calculated with reference to both variable
and constant capital.
2. The test object clause will allow any object to be tested.
In news, a different set of verbs commonly occurs in the passive. Many of
these report negative events that happened to someone, omitting the person who
performed the activity.
Examples:
1. He was jailed for three months
2. Neither man was injured during the accident
Most of the verbs commonly occurring in the get passive in conversation,
like many in the be-passive, are used as stative passive. Thus, most of these
constructions cannot take an agent specified in by-phrase. However, the use of the
get-passive conveys a more dynamic sense than the be-passive, that is, the ‘be
passive’ often simply describes a state, while the ‘get-passive’ describes the
process of getting into the state, with a resultant meaning similar to ‘become’.
Examples of Be-Passive:
1. They were not involved for that long.
2. You are going to be left alone to get on with your job.
Examples of Get-Passive:
1. We start to get involved in local society.
2. My head got stuck up there.
Larson (1984:245-255) states that the distinction between passive and
active verbs is common in many languages. In the semantic structure, all event
propositions are active and the agent is expressed. But in the surface structure
grammar of languages, the passive form often occurs. The function of the passive
construction is very different from language to language.
The proposition ‘John painted the house’ could be said in English by using
either the active or passive.
Example:
ACTIVE : John painted the house
PASSIVE : The house was painted by John
Both sentences above mean the same thing. Grammatically, the first is
active and the second is passive. When the form is active, the person who does the
action, that is, the agent, is the subject of the sentence. When the sentence is
passive, the affected, house, is the subject. He also emphasizes that the translator
must recognize the difference between passive and active constructions, be aware of
the usages in the source language and in the target languages, and not expect to be
able to translate literally passive for passive and active for active. Some adjustments
will no doubt need to be made since in translation naturalness must of course be
concerned with.
2.3.5
Theory of Translation
2.3.5.1 Meaning of Translation
It is generally understood that the purpose of translating is to transfer the
meaning of the source language into the target language, which is done by replacing
the form of the first language to the form of a second language by way of semantic
structure (Larson, 1998: 3). In doing translation we must study the lexicon,
grammatical structure, communication situation and cultural context of the source
language in order to find the appropriate meaning using the lexicon and
grammatical structure in the target language and its cultural context. Therefore, in
translating English text into Indonesian, a translator must master both English as the
source language and Indonesian as the target language.
Nida (1974: 12) says that translating consists in reproducing the receptor
language the closest natural equivalent of the source language massage, first in
terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. He also says that, in doing
translation, meaning must be preserved as the most essential issue, then, the
translator must pay attention to the style of the author. The result of translation must
maintain the naturalness of the massage in the source language.
Moreover Bell (1991: 6) stated that translation is the replacement of a
representation of a text in one language by a representation of an equivalent text in
a second language. Texts in different languages can be equivalent in different
degrees (fully or partial equivalent), in respect of different levels of presentation
(equivalent in respect of context, of semantics, of grammar, of lexis, etc.) and at
different ranks (words- for words, phrase- for phrase, sentence- for sentence).
2.3.5.2
General Types of Translation
Every text has its own form and meaning in different types of language.
Therefore, there are two kinds of translation. One is form-based translation and the
other one is meaning-based. Form-based translations attempt to follow the form of
the source language and are known as literal translation. Meaning-based translations
make every effort to communicate the meaning of the source language text in the
natural forms of the receptor language. Such translations are called idiomatic
translations.
1. Literal Translation
An interlinear translation is a completely literal translation. It is done by
reproducing the linguistic feature of the SL text, whether that is in form of words,
clauses, phrase, sentences, etc, into the TL text.
Although it may be very useful for the purpose of the study of the source
language, they are little help to speakers of the receptor language who are interested
in the meaning of the source language text. A literal translation sounds like
nonsense and has little communication value (Larson, 1998: 17).
2. Modified Literal Translation
Except for interlinear translation, a truly literal translation is uncommon. Most
translators who tend to translate literally actually make a partially modified literal
translation. They modify the order and grammar enough to use acceptable sentence
structure in the receptor language. However, the lexical items are translated
literally.
In a modified literal translation, the translator usually adjusts the translation
enough to avoid real nonsense and wrong meanings, but the unnaturalness still
remains (Larson, 1998: 18).
3. Idiomatic Translation
Idiomatic translation reproduces the meaning of the SL in the natural form of
the TL, both grammatical constructions and in the choice of lexical items. A truly
idiomatic translation does not sound like a translation. It sounds like it was written
originally in the TL. Therefore, a good translator will try to translate idiomatically.
This is his goal.
It is not easy to consistently translate idiomatically. A translator may express
some parts of his translation in very natural form and then in other parts fall back
into a literal form. Translations fall on a continuum from very literal, to literal, to
modified literal, to near idiomatic, and then may even move to be unduly free
(Larson, 1998: 19).
4. Unduly Free Translation
Unduly free translations are not considered acceptable translation for most
purposes. Translations are unduly free if they add extraneous information not in the
source text, if they change the meaning of the SL, or if they distort the facts of the
historical and cultural setting of the SL text.
Sometimes unduly free translations are made for purpose of humor or to bring
about a special response from the receptor language speakers. However, they are
not acceptable as normal translations. The emphasis is on the reaction of those
reading or hearing it and the meaning is not necessarily the same as that of the SL
(Larson, 1998: 19).
2.3.5.3 Process of Translation
The process of translation begins by reading the SL text as the first step.
Simply, this step is to get the meaning of the SL text which is going to be translated
into the TL text. This first step is done for two purposes: first, to understand what
the text is about; second, to analyze it from the translator point of view. By doing
so, the translator has to determine its intention and the way of writing for the
purpose of selecting a suitable translation method and identifying particular and
recurrent problem. It has to be remembered that the intention of the text represent
the SL writer’s style towards the subject matter. All of these should be done in the
context of the SL text.
According to Larson’s, there are some steps that have to be attended in the
process of translating shown in the diagram below:
SOURCE LANGUAGE
RECEPTOR LANGUAGE
Text to be translated
Translation
Discover the meaning
Re-express the meaning
Meaning
Figure 2.2
It is clearly described above that when the translator is translating, the first
step that must be done is to discover and understand the meaning or the massage of
the SL text. After discovering the meaning of the SL, the translator then analyze it,
in order to find the most natural form of the TL.
She also says that, the best translation is the one which: (1) uses the normal
language forms of the receptor language, (2) communicate, as much as possible, to
the receptor language speakers the same meaning that was understood by the
speakers of the source language, and (3) maintains the dynamics of the original
source language text. Maintaining the “dynamic” of the original source text means
that the translation is presented in such way that it will, hopefully, evoke the same
response as the source text attempted to evoke (Larson, 1998: 6).
To be able to understand the meaning of the SL text totally and perfectly, a
translator must be able to understand the lexicon and the grammatical structure of
the SL and also able to understand the roles of non-linguistic factors. Since this
factors represent the communication situation and cultural context of the SL text.
This is in agreement with what Larson stated on translation:
Translation consists of studying the lexicon, grammatical structure,
communication situation, and cultural context of the source language
text, analyzing it in order to determine its meaning, and then
reconstructing this same meaning using the lexicon and grammatical
structure which are appropriate in the receptor language and its
cultural context (1998: 3).
Since the process of translation is build up for any linguistic and cultural
differences, it should be able to cover those entire possible problems that might
occur in translation, unless the process or procedure does not work in solving the
problem.
In general, Nida argues that the system of translation consists of a procedure
comparing three stages. They are (1) analysis in which the surface structure is
analyzed in terms of grammatical relationship and the meaning of the words and
combinations of words, (2) transfer in which the analyzed materials is transferred in
the mind of the translator from language A to language B, and (3) reconstructing in
which the transferred materials is reconstructed in order to make the final message
fully acceptable in the receptor language (1974: 34).
Although they are basically the same, the operational approach built up by
Bell explains the process of translating in rather different way. The transformation
of a source language text into a target language text by means of processes which
take place within memory: (1) the analysis of one language-specific text (the source
language text, the SLT) into a universal (non-language-specific) semantic
representation and (2) the synthesis of that semantic representation into a second
language-specific text (the target language, the TLT) (1991: 20).
2.3.5.4
Methodology of Translation
Translation procedures which is proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet (1958)
will be applied in analyzing the procedures applied in translating each data and then
analyzing it in order to know whether or not each application is appropriate. The
seven procedures are as follows:
a. Literal Translation: direct transfer of the SL text into grammatical and
idiomatically appropriate of the TL text. For example: mie goreng (I) - fried
noodles (E).
b. Borrowing: usually used in terms of new technical or unknown concepts, for
example: animation (E) – animasi (I).
c. Calque: a special kind of borrowing whereby a language borrows an expression
from another, for example: Jakarta Post (E) – Jakarta Post (I).
d. Transposition: replacing one word class with another without changing the
message, for example: melanggar aturan (I) – committing a violation (E).
e. Modulation: varying the form of language, obtained by a change in the point of
view, for example: si perawan desa (I) – the single women in the village (E).
f. Equivalence: the same situation which can be rendered by two texts using
completely different stylistic and structure method, for example: warna coklat
susu (I) – cream colour (E).
g. Adaptation: the extreme limit of translation, which is used in case the type of
situation being transferred from SL message is unknown in the TL culture. In
such cases the translator has to create new situation that can be considered
equivalent. Adaptation can, therefore, be described as a special kind of
equivalent, a situational equivalent, for example: om swastiastu (B) – welcome
(E).
2.3.6
Shift
When translation cannot be carried out by adhering closely to the linguistic
form of the source text, textual equivalence is achieved through what Catford calls
‘translation shift’. The concept of shift is defined in terms of departures ‘from
formal correspondence in the process of going from the SL to the TL’ (1965: 73).
Two major types of shift are identified: ‘level shift’ and ‘category shift’.
Level shift occurs when source language item has a target language
translation at a different linguistic level from its own (grammatical, lexical, etc.) For
example, the word ‘untouchable’ is translated tidak dapat disentuh. Prefix ‘un-‘
which belongs to field of morphology is translated into lexical ‘tidak’ as well as
suffix ‘-able’ is translated into ‘dapat’. So there is a level shift changing from
morphology to syntax.
Category shift is a generic term referring to shifts involving any of the four
categories of class, structure, system and unit. For example, Source Text (ST)
adjectival phrase becomes an adverbial phrase in the Target Text (TT).
*
a ‘class shift’, when an source language item is translated by means of a
target language item belonging to a different grammatical class. For
example, the adjective phrase in medical student becomes an adverbial
phrase in the French equivalent ‘student in medicine’;
*
a ‘structure shift’ involving a change in grammatical structure between
source text and target text. For example, ‘pemandangan (yang) indah’ is
translated into ‘interesting view’. So the structure shift of this phrase
changes from ‘head + modifier’ into ‘modifier + head’.
*
a ‘unit shift’ where a strict rank-for-rank correspondence between
source language and target language sentences, clauses, groups, words
and morphemes is not observed. For example, the Indonesian phrase
‘tidak dapat diterima’ is translated into English word ‘unbelieable’.
*
an ‘intra-system shift’ which occurs when translation involves selection
of a non-corresponding term in the target language system – this is
regardless of whether the source language and target language possess
systems which approximately correspond formally. For example, an SL
‘plural’ becomes a TL ‘singular’, such as SL ‘kupu-kupu’ becomes
‘butterfly’ in TL.
2.3.7
Loss and Gain
The concept of loss and gain is proposed by Nida and he said (1975:102), a
translator should have good knowledge of the languages and of the cultures of both
languages. The linguistic knowledge that should be mastered includes morphology,
lexis, syntax, semantics, while cultural knowledge should be sufficiently possessed
as the background of the user of these languages. As a matter of fact, it is very
difficult to find lexical equivalents between TL culture and SL culture since they
are very different from one another. The lexical meaning of the two languages will
not exactly be the same. There tends to be loss, gain and skewing of information.
Nida also says “we reject meaning as a common denominator or what is
common to all situations in which a term is employed’. This is necessary because
two languages (SLT and TLT) have different characteristics. In transferring the
message from SL into the TL, the translator should add or omit some the
information in order to have natural translation and the naturalness of the translated
work can be realized if the Target Language Text is read and the readers feel that it
is not like translated text. This definition expresses the idea that if we want to have
the meaning of words or phrases, it must be in the context of sentence. An example
is in the sentence like this: ‘The man who had pressed the remote control device’
and the translator translates it into ‘Lelaki yang baru saja menekan tombol alat
control jarak jauh’. In this case the translator necessarily gives addition of
information in translating the underlined nominal group construction by adding the
word tombol which is not stated in the SL.
2.4
Reseach Model
The research model shows the model of the research in the form of chart to
show the relation between the topic, problem, theoretical framework and the result
of the analysis.
Translation
Sentences
Qualitative Method
Indonesian (SL)
Passive Sentences
English (TL)
Passive Sentences
Process and Methodology of
Translation
Indonesian and English
Passive Constructions
Result
Figure 2.3
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHOD
3.1
Data Source
The data of this study were taken from a novel entitled Cerita dalam
Keheningan by Zara Zettira ZR. This novel is already translated into English Every
Silence has a Story by Ronaldo, so it is easier to find the equivalents of SL and TL,
moreover the varieties of equivalent from Indonesian passive construction into
English are also found. This novel is published by Esensi, division of Erlangga
Publishing.
The reason for choosing this novel as the data source of this study is this
novel is loaded by various types of passive constructions especially in Indonesian,
so the writer can find what kinds of passive constructions used in this novel and
their equivalents in English. Besides, the novel contains many data that is relevant
with the problem being discussed and analyzed in this study.
3.2
Method and Technique of Collecting Data
The data collected in this study are primary data, that is, the data directly
collected from the source. The primary data were collected by identifying and notetaking the Indonesian passive constructions and their translations in English. The
first step was done by reading a number of times both the source language (SL) and
the target language (TL). Then the Indonesian passive constructions in SL and their
equivalence in TL were identified. The collected data were then systematically
classified according to the purpose of analysis. In the process of taking data, the
data which contained passive constructions in the SL were written down and found
the equivalents in the TL. Then the data found in the SL and the TL were
determined, which ones were translated into passive and which ones were not
translated into passive.
3.3
Method and Technique of Analyzing Data
A method of analysis in this study was done by grouping, evaluating and
classifying the collected data in order to make sure that the data support the
analysis. The analysis of the data refers to the scope of study and theoretical
framework applied. The data was systematically analyzed based on the types of the
Indonesian passive constructions and their translations in English. The classified
data was qualitatively analyzed in the form of words and sentences rather than
symbols.
3.4
Method of Presenting the Analyzed Data
The data already collected and analyzed are presented in a form of sentences
rather than symbol (see Sudaryanto, 1993:145). The analysis of the translation of
passive constructions is started by presenting the passive constructions. The types
of the passive constructions in the SL are compared to the types of passive in
English. It will be found how many types of passive constructions in SL and how
they are translated into TL. It will show that whether passive in SL is translated into
passive or not. Then what kind of shift occurs from SL to TL concerning passive
construction is determined. The last is finding out the loss and gain of information
concerning passive construction.
CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS OF PASSIVE CONTRUCTIONS
4.1 Analysis
As clearly being discussed in Chapter I, the objectives of this study are:
(1) finding out the types of Indonesian passive constructions found in the novel
Cerita dalam Keheningan, (2) Analyzing the Indonesian passive constructions and
their translations into English, 3) Describing what kinds of shifts occur from SL text
into TL concerning passive construction, 4) Finding out loss and gain of meaning
concerning passive sentence found in this novel. To achieve the goal of the aims of
this study, some steps are taken in order to achieve a systematic analysis, the steps
are as follows:
A. The sentence showing passive construction in the source language is carefully
analyzed in terms of form and meaning by applying some theories on passive
construction proposed by Hasan Alwi dkk (1998), Dr. Liaw Yock Fang (1998),
James Neil Sneddon (1996). The theory proposed by Randolph Quirk (1976)
and Larson (1998) are also used to give an explanation about English passive
construction. Hopefully, by using these theories the type of passive in both
Indonesian and English can be clearly identified.
B. All the data were analyzed in terms of the way the Indonesian passive
construction translated into English. In the translation analysis, either the
passive form in Indonesian is still retained or not in English, the equivalent of
the Indonesian passive in English was seriously paid attention to by applying
the theory of methodology of translation proposed by Vinay and Darbalnet
(1958), the theory of meaning- based translation by Larson. And also to know if
the translator add or omit some information to the sentence by using the theory
of loss and gain proposed by Nida (1995)
In accordance with the aim number 3 as mentioned above, the analysis is
also viewed from the type of shift occurring in the process of translation. In doing
this, the shift theory proposed by Catford will be applied. The analysis will be
presented though some steps as follows:
a. Based on the passive construction marker in the source language.
b. How they are translated into English and whether or not the shift occurs in
the target language.
After the data have been collected, there are several variations of the passive
form that appears in the data. There are eight variations found by the author and
also there are also data that were transformed by the translator, from passive
sentence into active sentence to facilitate the reader understand the content of the
story and to make the sentence sound natural in target language, among others :
di- + verb base, di- + verb base + -i, di- + verb base + -kan , di- + per- + verb base
+ -kan, di- + per + verb base + - i, ter- + verb base, and ber- + verb base, passive
translated into active.
4.2 Passive Translated into Passive
Mostly passive voice in the sentence is translated into passive in order not to
reduce the meaning of the sentence. In Indonesian, there are several markers that
are used to form the passive voice. The most frequently form of passive
encountered and widely used in Indonesian is a form with the prefix di- and
followed by verb base. Here are some variations in the use of passive voice with the
prefix di-, and in its use can also be inserted with some form of prefix and suffix so
that it can give a different meaning. And there are also various forms in the
translation of the passive di- from the source language (SL) into the target language
(TL).
4.2.1
A.
Di- + Verb Base as Indonesian Passive Construction
Passive Identification
It has been obviously stated by Chung (1989: 2-10) that there are two types
of passive construction in Indonesian: a canonical and a passive which has surface
form of an object topicalization. A canonical passive is when the direct object is
turned into a subject and the subject is removed to a prepositional phrase. The
following are examples of passive constructions marked by “di + verb base”.
Examples:
1.
Banten, bahkan sampai saat ini, masih dianggap sebagai tempat di mana
mistik atau ilmu hitam berasal. (p. 8)
2.
Atau seorang anak perempuan bernama Aniko akan dipanggil Anika jika ia
memang cantik dan anggun tentunya. (p. 20)
3.
Orang Indonesia sangat percaya bahwa nama seseorang dapat mendatangkan
keberuntungan. Oleh karenanya, sebuah nama dipilih dengan sangat hati-hati.
(p. 27)
4.
Tradisi itu pantang untuk diubah, bahkan saat dunia ini semakin modern. (p.
28)
5.
Paman-pamanku, para pembantu laki-laki, dan semua laki-laki di rumahku
dibawa oleh para tentara itu. (p. 34).
6.
Pikiran dapat dikuras habis lewat tulisan. (p. 55)
From the examples above, it is shown that all of the sentences are in the
form of passive. The passive verbs of the sentences are all marked by prefix di- +
verb base. It can clearly be seen that the verb ‘dianggap’, ‘dipanggil’, ‘dipilih’.
‘diubah’, ‘dibawa’, ‘dikuras’ are the markers of passive construction in the above
sentences.
Based on the theory proposed by Chung (1989: 2-10) the examples above all
belong to the type of canonical passive because the direct object of the sentences
are turned into a subject. The direct object of sentence no. 1 is ‘Banten’ , in
sentence no. 2 the direct object is ‘seorang anak perempuan’, in sentence no. 3 the
direct object is ‘orang Indonesia’, in sentence no.4 the direct object is ‘tradisi’,
while the direct object for sentence no. 5 is ‘paman-pamanku, para pembatu lakilaki dan semua laki-laki dirumahku’, in sentence no. 6 the direct object is ‘penjudi
ulung’, and the direct object for sentence no. 7 is ‘pikiran’. From this analysis, it
can be concluded that all the sentences above are really passive construction.
B. Translation Analysis
Nida (1974: 12) says that translating consists in reproducing the receptor
language the closest natural equivalent of the source language massage, first in
terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. He also says that, in doing
translation, meaning must be preserved as the most essential issue, then, the
translator must pay attention to the style of the author. The result of translation must
maintain the naturalness of the massage in the source language. The translations of
the Indonesian passive construction above are as follows.
Examples:
1. SL :
Banten, bahkan sampai saat ini, masih dianggap sebagai tempat di mana
mistik atau ilmu hitam berasal. (p. 8)
TL :
Banten, until today, is still believed to be the place where the most
powerful black magic priests came from. (p. 7)
2.
SL :
Atau seorang anak perempuan bernama Aniko akan dipanggil Anika
jika ia memang cantik dan anggun tentunya. (p. 20)
TL :
Or a girl named Aniko will be called Anika if she is too damned cute, of
course. (p. 14)
3. SL : Orang Indonesia sangat percaya bahwa nama seseorang dapat
mendatangkan keberuntungan. Oleh karenanya, sebuah nama dipilih
dengan sangat hati-hati. (p. 27)
TL :
Indonesians believe that names can bring luck. So names were picked
carefully. (p. 18)
4.
SL :
Mereka akan memastikan bahwa anak-anak mereka, cucu-cucu mereka,
dan generasi muda mereka memperoleh pendidikan seperti mereka, pasa
pendahulu generasi. Tradisi itu pantang untuk diubah, bahkan saat dunia
ini semakin moderen. (p. 28)
TL :
They have to makes sure that their kids, their grandchildren and their
young generations will learn as ‘proper’ as the elderly. Nothing should
be changed. Nothing at all. Even if the world becomes more and more
modern. (p. 19)
5.
SL :
Paman-pamanku, para pembantu laki-laki, dan semua laki-laki di
rumahku dibawa oleh para tentara itu. (p.34).
TL :
My uncles and our house bots, all the males in the family, were taken.
(p. 23)
6. SL :
TL :
Pikiran dapat dikuras habis lewat tulisan. (p. 55)
Thoughts can be drained out through writing. (p. 37)
In sentence no. 1 the verb in the source language (SL) ‘dianggap’ is
translated into ‘is believed’ in the target language (TL). Passive construction in
source language is formed by morphological process, that is, by attaching prefix di+ verb base, meanwhile the passive construction in target language is formed by
syntactical process, that is, auxiliary verb be + past participle. As for the translation
procedure, the translator adopted the modulation process because there is a change
in the point of view from ‘dianggap’ which is translated into ‘is believed’. The
phrase ‘is believed’ is more emphasizing rather than ‘dianggap’ which is meant to
know about that place but not necessarily believed as the place of black magic.
There is shift occurring in passive verb from lexical ‘dianggap’ into grammatical ‘is
believed’ which can be categorized into level shift. There is addition of information
here that is the word ‘priests’ in TL. The word ‘priest’ is added in this sentence in
order to emphasize that most powerful black magic people came from Banten is the
priests.
In sentence no. 2 the verb in the source language (SL) ‘dipanggil’ is
translated into ‘be called’ in the target language (TL) since there is an auxiliary
‘will’. The passive construction in the source language is formed by attaching prefix
di- + verb base become ‘dipanggil’, whereas the structure of passive construction in
target language is formed by auxiliary verb be (is) + past participle (called). As for
the translation procedure, the translator applies a type of literal translation because
as we can see the result is well-built structure and quite as comprehensible as the
source language. Of course there is shifting occurring in translating a text, the
passive verb in this sentence is categorized as level shift because there is changing
from lexical into grammatical. There is addition of information here, that is, the
phrase ‘too damned’ in the TL. The phrase ‘too damned’ is added in this sentence in
order to emphasize that if the girl named Aniko has a very beautiful face, the people
will call her by the name of Anika.
In sentence no. 3 the verb in the source language (SL) ‘dipilih’ is translated
into ‘were picked’ in the target language (TL). This passive verb is formed by
attaching prefix di- + verb base, while the passive construction in the target
language is structured by syntactical process, that is, auxiliary verb be (were) + past
participle. Be (were) + past participle is used to show that the process of choosing
the name is in the past or already over. Passive verb in this sentence can be
categorized as literal translation because it directs transfer of the SL text into
grammatical and idiomatically appropriate of the TL text. Level shift take places in
this sentence because there is changing from lexical into grammatical. There is
omission of information here that is the word ‘sangat’ in the SL is eliminated in the
TL. The word ‘sangat’ in the SL means that people in Indonesia really believe in
that tradition. Meanwhile in the TL the word ‘believe’ means ‘trust’ with that
tradition but not much.
In sentence no. 4 the verb in the source language (SL) ‘diubah’ is translated
into ‘be changed’ in the target language (TL) since there is an auxiliary ‘should’.
The passive construction in the source language is formed by morphological
process, that is, by attaching prefix di- + verb base and passive construction in the
target language is formed by auxiliary verb be + past participle. There is omission
of information here, that is, the phrase ‘tradisi itu’ in SL is eliminated in the TL.
The phrase ‘tradisi itu’ in the SL means that something that should be done
continuously cannot be changed by the young generations. But in the TL it is
omitted by the translator because he feels that the tradition of an elderly is already
explained in the previous sentence.
In sentence no. 5 the verb in the source language (SL) ‘dibawa’ is translated
into ‘were taken’ in the target language (TL). The passive construction in the
source language is formed by morphological process, that is, by attaching prefix di+ verb base, meanwhile the passive construction in the target language is formed by
syntactical process, that is, auxiliary verb be (were) + past participle. Be (were) +
past participle is used to show that the process of taking the males from the house is
in the past or already over. There is omission of information here, that is, the phrase
‘oleh para tentara itu’ in the SL is eliminated in the TL. The phrase ‘oleh para
tentara itu’ in the SL means that people who take out the males from the house are
the soldiers, not the others. So it is omitted by the translator in the TL because the
word ‘soldiers’ is already stated in the beginning of the paragraph.
In sentence no. 6 the verb in the source language (SL) ‘dikuras’ is translated
into ‘be drained’ in the target language (TL). The passive construction in the source
language is formed by morphological process, that is, by attaching prefix di- + verb
base, meanwhile the passive construction in the target language is formed by
syntactical process, that is, auxiliary verb be + past participle. There is no loss or
gain of information. From the general type of translation, the translator used the
type of modified literal translation. He modifies the order and grammar enough to
use acceptable sentence structure in the receptor language. However, the lexical
items are translated literally.
From the analysis above it can be stated that all the passive verbs in
sentences are dominated by level shift, that is, a shift from lexical to grammatical.
As Catford (1965: 73) states that by shift of level is meant a condition in which a
SL text at one linguistic level has a translation equivalent at a different level in the
TL. He also adds that the commonest level shift in translation is shift from grammar
to lexis or vice versa.
4.2.2 Di- + Verb Base + -i as Indonesian Passive Construction
A. Passive Identification
As often stated that passive sentence is derived from active sentence. The
construction of passive almost depends on its active construction. The passive
construction is formed by replacing prefix meng- with di- in the verb base. There
are a number of verb bases that need suffix –i to be a verb form. According
Sneddon, suffix -i has two major functions: to indicate that the object is the location
of the action and to indicate repeated action. The most common function of -i is to
indicate that the object is the place where the action occurs or the person or place to
which the action is directed. The noun base like restu, ilham, luka, minyak, etc.
cannot be a verb if only attached by prefix meng-, because Indonesian does not have
verb form ‘merestu’, ‘mengilham’, ‘meluka’, ‘meminyak’. It is obvious that suffix
-i is obligatorialy attached to form transitive verb. So the words above become
‘merestui’, ‘mengilhami’, ‘melukai’, and ‘meminyaki’.
With a number of words suffix -i can be omitted without changing the
meaning, so it is optional. To make it clear, the following examples optional -i is
indicated in parentheses:
1. Menyiram(i)
spray
2. Menurut(i)
follow
3. Menghias(i)
decorate
4. Mencicip(i)
nibble
(Sneddon, 1996: 92)
By attaching suffix -i the transitivity verbs change from intransitive verbs to
transitive verbs. Similar analysis is also applicable to make passive construction.
From the examples above, only verbs added by suffix -i are possible to be
passivized, that is: ‘disirami’, ‘dituruti’, ‘dihiasi’, ‘dicicipi’. While the examples
with prefix di- without suffix -i are also possible or optional. There are some
examples of passive constructions found in the data source:
Examples:
1. Katanya, saat lahir, ia dinamai “Putri Baluki” atau dalam bahasa Indonesia
berarti: “Putri yang Melukis”. (p. 7)
2. Kendati demikian, sebenarnya beliau lahir dari keluarga ulama yang pada
zamannya cukup dihormati di Banten, Jawa Barat. (p. 8)
3. Dan momen cinta seakan-akan selalu diselubungi oleh aura mistis dan gaib. (p.
11)
4. Mungkin lemari antik itu juga dipenuhi oleh bubuk gaib sehingga dapat
melindungi dirinya sendiri. (p. 74)
It has been obviously presented above that in passivizing some active
transitive verbs, suffix ‘-i’ is obligatory. It can easily be identified that those passive
verb formations above are derived from prefix di- + verb base + suffix -i. The
passive construction in sentence no. 1 is ‘di- + nama + -i’, in sentence no. 2 the
passive construction is ‘di- + hormat + -i’, in sentence no. 3 the passive
construction is ‘di- + selubung + -i’ and in sentence no. 4 the passive construction
is ‘di- + penuh + -i’. Again, suffix ‘–i’ in all the passive verbs above are obligatory.
B. Translation Analysis
Larson (1989:245) stated that in a passive construction the verb of the clause
is in the passive voice and rather than having the agent as the subject, the affected,
is often the subject of the clause or the sentence. Now let us see the translation of
the Indonesian passive construction above:
Examples:
1. SL :
Katanya, saat lahir, ia dinamai “Putri Baluki” atau dalam bahasa Indo
berarti: “Putri yang Melukis”. (p. 7)
TL :
2. SL :
She was named ‘a painting princess’ when she was born. (p. 6)
Kendati demikian, sebenarnya beliau lahir dari keluarga ulama yang
pada zamannya cukup dihormati di Banten, Jawa Barat. (p. 8)
TL :
They are also considered workers, even though his father was a
respected priest amongst the villagers in their community of West Java,
Banten. (p. 7)
3. SL :
Dan momen cinta seakan-akan selalu diselubungi oleh aura mistis dan
gaib. (p. 11)
TL :
And the moment of love is surrounded by superstitions. (p. 8)
4. SL :
Mungkin lemari antik itu juga dipenuhi oleh bubuk gaib sehingga dapat
melindungi dirinya sendiri. (p. 74)
TL :
Maybe that antique drawer was filled with little black magic dust too. It
could protect itself. (p. 52)
If we see from the sentences, the passive constructions in Indonesian are
marked by prefix di- + verb base + -i and in English those passive verbs are
translated into be + past participle. Here all the passive constructions are formed
through morphological process. The passive construction of sentence no. 1
‘dinamai’ is translated in the form of lexis be (was) + past participle into ‘was
named’ which can be categorized into locative verb. Locative verb is verb to
indicate that the object is the place where the action occurs or the person or place to
which the action is directed (Sneddon, 1996: 84). So the word ‘dinamai’ means to
make a name for a new born baby. Because the action is directed at a person as
participant, the baby is called the recipient.
In sentence no. 2 the passive construction ‘dihormati’ is translated into be
(was) + past participle’ ‘was a respected’. The word ‘dihormati’ verb can be
categorized into locative verb because the object to which the action is directed is a
person. So this person is the recipient. In sentence no. 3 ‘diselubungi’ is translated
into be (is) + past participle ‘is surrounded’. The word ‘diselubungi’ can be
categorized into causative verb because it means to make love surrounded by
superstitions. Causative verbs indicate that the subject causes another person to
carry out the action on the object. In sentence no. 4 ‘dipenuhi’ is translated into be
(was) + past participle ‘was filled’ which can be categorized into causative verbs
because it means making the drawer full with little black magic.
Be (was) + past participle is used for the translation dinamai, dihormati,
dipenuhi. This shows that the action is done in the past or it is already over. Here a
matter of tense emerges. In Indonesian there is no tense, English language has
various type of tenses.
With reference to Catford’s theory of shift, level shift is, of course, applied
here. The passive construction is applied since the passive construction of the
source language happens in morphological level which is translated from grammar
into lexis. Translating passive into passive is commonly applied by the translator.
The translator applies literal translation since the translator thinks that it is the
closest equivalent and natural in the target language. The most important thing is
the meaning carried out by the target language is the same as that of the source
language.
Loss and gain of information cannot be avoided in interpreting a text. It
depends on the culture of the target language itself and the style of the translator in
translating the text. Translator adds information in order to emphasize an event or
thing so it sounds more convincing. Meanwhile the omission of information may
have been intended by the translator because it has been described or mentioned in
the previous sentence.
In sentence no. 1 there is omission of information which, according to the
writer, needs to be written by the translator so the reader can get enough
information and understand about the text. The name of ‘Putri Baluki’ in the SL is
eliminated in the TL. It was said in this novel that when the grandmother of the
writer was born, she was given the name ‘Putri Baluki’. This name was given by
the priest because he saw that this child had a talent in painting. The name ‘Putri
Baluki’ in English means ‘a painting princess’. So the real name of this child is
‘Putri Baluki’ and not ‘a painting princess’ as mentioned in the TL. In sentence no.
3 the phrase ‘oleh aura mistis dan gaib’ in SL is translated into ‘by superstition’ in
TL. As for the translation procedure, the translator adopted the modulation process
because there is a change in the point of view from SL to TL. May be the translator
feels that the words ‘aura mistis dan gaib’ is not familiar in the target language so
he changes this words into ‘superstition’ to make the reader understand the meaning
of the sentence.
4.2.3
Di- + Verb Base + -kan as Indonesian Passive Construction
A. Passive Identification
In general, a transformation from active to passive has no effect on suffix kan, which are retained when an active verb is transformed into a passive. However,
there are some cases in which their presence or absence differs between active and
passive. With some verbs –kan is optional in active voice but obligatory in passive
voice (Sneddon, 1996:252)
From the description above, it can be obviously stated that the construction
of di- + verb base + -kan in Indonesian can be categorized as one of the passive
markers in Indonesian.
Examples:
1. Sebenarnya, kata mbok bisa diartikan pula sebagai ‘ibu’ dalam masyarakat
Jawa tradisional. (p. 2)
2. Bagaikan mahluk asing buatku. Seperti makanan aneh yang disodorkan dimuka
begitu saja untuk ditelan dan dicerna. (p. 3)
3. Cinta yang telah diturunkan kepadaku melalui cerita-cerita nenek, ayah dan
dongeng-dongeng keluarga kami lainnya. (p. 40)
4. Benda itu harus cukup kecil untuk dimasukkan ke dalam kulitmu dan ke dalam
pembuluh darah. (p. 46)
5. Sakit yang hanya mampu disembuhkan oleh obat. (p. 77)
6. Ayah dilarikan ke rumah sakit setelah bertahun-tahun menderita diabetes. (p.
107)
7. Uang hanya akan memiliki nilai pada saat digunakan. (p. 151)
All the examples above are absolutely passive sentences since they are all
marked by passive construction di- + verb base + -kan. The verb construction with
prefix di- in diartikan, disodorkan, diturunkan, dimasukkan, disembuhkan,
dilarikan, digunakan in each example above is the marker of the passive.
As we can analyze that the verbs of the passive construction above must
have suffix –kan. In other words, the suffix –kan is an obligatory because it will be
incorrect to have passive verb construction in Indonesian like: diarti, disodor,
diturun, dimasuk, disembuh, dilari and diguna. So in order to make sense of the
passive verb construction, suffix –kan is a must. On the other hand the suffix –kan
is obligatory with some active verbs such as meninggalkan ‘leave’ become
ditinggal(kan) ‘is left’ and memaksudkan ‘mean’ become dimaksud(kan) ‘is
meant’, but can be omitted in the passive (Sneddon, 1996: 252)
B. Translation Analysis
Bell (1991: 6) stated that translation is the replacement of a representation of
a text in one language by a representation of an equivalent text in a second
language. Texts in different languages can be equivalent in different degrees (fully
or partial equivalent), in respect of different levels of presentation (equivalent in
respect of context, of semantics, of grammar, of lexis, etc.) and at different ranks
(words- for words, phrase- for phrase, sentence- for sentence). To make it clear,
let’s see the translation of the passive sentence in the source language to the target
language.
Examples:
1. SL :
Sebenarnya, kata mbok bisa diartikan pula sebagai ‘ibu’ dalam
masyarakat Jawa tradisional. (p. 2)
TL :
But the truth is, ‘mbok’ can be translated as ‘mother’ in native Javanese
communities. (p. 2)
2. SL :
Bagaikan mahluk asing buatku. Seperti makanan aneh yang disodorkan
dimuka begitu saja untuk ditelan dan dicerna. (p. 3)
TL :
A rule is something like an alien to us. Something new that has been
forced onto us to be understood and followed. (p. 3)
3. SL :
Cinta yang telah diturunkan kepadaku melalui cerita-cerita nenek, ayah
dan dongeng-dongeng keluarga kami lainnya. (p. 40)
TL :
The love that had been passed on to me by my grandma, my father and
the rest of the facts in my family history. (p. 26)
4. SL :
Benda itu harus cukup kecil untuk dimasukkan ke dalam kulitmu dan ke
dalam pembuluh darah. (p. 46)
TL :
But it has to be small enough to be smuggled in into your body,
underneath the skin n into your blood vessels. (p. 29)
5. SL :
TL :
6. SL :
Sakit yang hanya mampu disembuhkan oleh obat. (p. 77)
A pain that can only be healed with a pain killer. (p. 54)
Ayah dilarikan ke rumah sakit setelah bertahun-tahun menderita
diabetes. (p. 107)
TL :
Father was sent to the hospital after years and years of being a diabetic.
(p. 76)
7. SL :
TL :
Uang hanya akan memiliki nilai pada saat digunakan. (p. 151)
Money can only have value if it is used. (p. 108)
We can clearly observe that the passive construction in the source language
are all constructed by morphological process, that is by attaching prefix di– to the
verb base. The passive verb in sentence no. 1 ‘diartikan’ is translated into ‘be
translated’, in sentence no. 2 ‘disodorkan’ is translated into ‘been forced’, in
sentence no. 3 ‘diturunkan’ is translated into ‘been passed’, sentence no. 4
‘dimasukkan’ is translated into ‘be smuggled’, in sentence no. 5 ‘disembuhkan’ is
translated into ‘be healed’, in sentence no. 6 the passive construction ‘dilarikan’ is
translated into be (was) + past participle ‘was sent’ and lastly in sentence no. 7
‘digunakan’ is translated into be (is) + past participle ‘is used’.
In passive sentence no. 3 the verb is changed by the additional of been, a
form of the verb BE, which is added immediately after the verb. We can call this
form of the verb BE the ‘passive auxiliary’. Be (was) + past participle is used as
the translation of sentence no. 6 ‘dilarikan’. This shows that the process of sending
‘melarikan’ is in the past or already over. It is, indeed, a matter of tense in the target
language while in Indonesian as the source language does not have any tenses at all.
By considering theory from Catford concerning shift, we can see that level
shift occurs in the process of translation from word into phrase. To make it clear,
the passive construction in the source language appears in the level of morphology
that is by attaching prefix di- and suffix kan-, whereas in the target language the
passive conduction appears in the level of lexis, by applying the construction be +
past participle. By translating passive into passive, the translator tries to maintain
the naturalness of the source language text in the target language.
Since the passive is translated into passive, we can obviously see that to
translate sentences number 1, 3, 5 and 7, the translator translates the passive
construction in Indonesian into English using the literal procedure while in
sentences number 2, 4 and 6, the translator applies the modulation procedure, that
is, by a change in the point of view. In sentence no. 2 there is change of point of
view from plain meaning to hard one. In sentences no. 4 and no. 6 there is change
of point of view from plain meaning to soft one.
4.2.4
Di- + per- + verb base + -i as Indonesian Passive Construction
A. Passive Identification
In his book, Sneddon (1996: 103) states that affixation per-…-i occurs with
only a limited number of verbs; it is not productive. As stated before that all the
passive constructions are derived from active sentences. The constructions of
passive almost depend on their active constructions. It is already stated above that
there are a number of verb bases that need suffix –i to be a verb form. According
Sneddon, suffix -i has two major functions: to indicate that the object is the location
of the action and to indicate repeated action. The most common function of suffix -i
is to indicate that the object is the place where the action occurs or the person or
place to which the action is directed.
So in passivizing some active sentences, suffix -i is an obligatory. As stated
by Alwi dkk (1998: 123-124) some verbs without suffix -i cannot formed a verb
base. The combination of active sentence such as mem- + per- + verb base + -i is
changed by attaching prefix di- + per- + verb base + -i to form passive
constructions. Below is the example of passive construction which is marked by di+ per- + verb base + -i found in the source language text:
Example:
1. Sekarang aku akan dikelurkan dari sekolah dengan nilai lima yang masih belum
diperbaiki. (p. 102)
In the passive construction above, we can easily identify that di- + per- and
suffix –i is the marker of the passive construction and suffix -i is obligatory since in
Indonesian there is no passive construction like: diperbaik. If the root of the verb is
adjective like di- + per- + lebar in ‘diperlebar’, suffix-i is omitted because in
Indonesian the word diperlebari sounds awkward.
B. Translation Analysis
Translating is a process of transferring the meaning to grabs the closest
equivalence; the translator can even change the surface structure of the source
language, the shift is quite possible to happen. To make it clear, below are the
translations of the passive construction presented above.
Example:
1. SL :
Sekarang aku akan dikelurkan dari sekolah dengan nilai lima yang masih
belum diperbaiki. (p. 102)
TL :
Not only was I kicked out from school, the D in my report card was still
not fixed. (p. 72)
Translating passive construction ‘diperbaiki’ into ‘was fixed’ is well
accepted in English. If we closely look at the root of the verb diperbaiki is derived
from the stem of word ‘baik’ that can be classified as an adjective. And was fixed is
derived from the stem of word ‘fix’, that is, classified as verb. So the shifts
occurring here are level shift and class shift. Level shift is applied when the source
language item has a target language translation at a different linguistic level from its
own (grammatical, lexical, etc.). Class shift occurs when a source language item is
translated by means of a target language item belonging to a different grammatical
class. So, the adjective word ‘baik’ in the SL becomes verb ‘fix’ in TL.
4.2.5
Di- + per- + verb base + -kan as Indonesian Passive Construction
A. Passive Identification
Sneddon (1996: 100 -102) clearly states that transitive verbs with affixation
per-…-kan have several functions. If this affixation occurs with some adjective
bases, they produce causative verbs like: ‘mempermalukan’ which means ‘to make
a shame’. Another group of per-….-kan verbs indicate that the object is caused to
perform the action of the corresponding intransitive verb like: ‘mempersatukan’
which means ‘to cause the object to unite’.
Furthermore, he also stated that if we want to focus attention on this person
or thing we make it the subject of the passive from of the verb. The construction is
called a passive clause or is said to be in passive voice. The actor is expressed by an
agent phrase which follows the passive verbs. It is also added that the passive
construction is more frequent in Indonesian than in English. The passive conduction
of active mem + per- + verb base + -kan is di- + per- + verb base + -kan as shown
in the following examples:
Example:
1. Banten, bahkan sampai saat ini, masih dianggap sebagai tempat di mana mistik
atau ilmu hitam berasal. Mungkin karena citra Banten yang sedemikian rupa
itulah, kualitas keislaman kakek dipertanyakan oleh keluarga nenek. (p. 8 – 9)
Seeing the construction of the verb formation above, it can be surely
identified that prefix di- + per- and suffix –kan is the marker of the passive
construction and suffix -kan is an obligatory in Indonesian since there is no passive
construction ‘dipertanya’.
B. Translation Analysis
It is generally understood that the purpose of translating is to transfer the
meaning of the source language into the target language, which is done by replacing
the form of the first language to the form of a second language by way of semantic
structure (Larson, 1998: 3). In doing translation we must study the lexicon,
grammatical structure, communication situation and cultural context of the source
language in order to find the appropriate meaning using the lexicon and
grammatical structure in the target language and its cultural context. The following
are the examples of the passive construction with di- + per- + verb base + –kan and
its translation into English.
Examples:
1. SL :
Banten, bahkan sampai saat ini, masih dianggap sebagai tempat di mana
mistik atau ilmu hitam berasal. Mungkin karena citra Banten yang
sedemikian rupa itulah, kualitas keislaman kakek dipertanyakan oleh
keluarga nenek. (p. 8 – 9)
TL :
Banten, until today, is still believed to be the place where the most
powerful black magic priests came from. Because of this, his ‘muslim
quality’ was questioned. (p. 7)
As frequently being stated above that in doing translation, shift is
unavoidable, especially in translating passive construction in Indonesian into
English. This is due to the reason that both languages belong to different language
systems and both of them certainly have different structures and systems. The
passive in Indonesian is formed by attaching di- + per- + verb base + –kan,
meanwhile in English passive construction is formed by using be (was) + pas
participle. It means that morphological process in Indonesian is transferred into
lexical in English. Here, level shift happens.
This is in accordance with the theory proposed by Nida and Taber (1974: 5)
that to preserve the content of the massage the form must be changed. Moreover,
they stated that if all languages differ in form, then quite naturally the forms must
be altered if one is to preserve the content. As for the translation procedure, the
literal procedure is applied since passive is translated into passive and the meaning
of the passive verb is equivalent.
4.3
Passive Constructions without prefix diThere are also several variations of the passive constructions in Indonesian
without prefix di-. It is only used for certain things, for example: to show any act or
event that is not on purpose or unplanted.
4.3.1 Ter- + Verb Base as Indonesian Passive Construction
A.
Passive Identification
Besides the prefix di-, the prefix ter- is also used to express the passive
voice in Indonesian. The only difference between the two prefixes is that the
sentence with the prefix ter- implies that the action is accidentally done (Fang,
1996: 230).
Examples:
1. Betul, ia jg tertangkap hanya karena ia sedang berada di dalam rumah kami. (p.
41)
2. Tapi, dalam hal ini tubuhnya sudah kehilangan hak untuk menentukan hidup
atau mati lagi karena jiwanya telah terjual. (p. 49)
3. Kami harus berbagi satu-satunya kamar mandi yang terhubung dengan kedua
kamar tidur itu. (p. 85)
4. Satu lagi sebuah cerita cinta terbuka di depanku. (p. 89)
A number of negated ter- verbs have English equivalents with un-/in-…..-able:
1. Ada banyak unsur ketidaksengajaan yang mampu mempersatukan 2 hati yang
berbeda, dengan cara-cara yang tidah pernah terpikirkan sebelumnya oleh kita.
(p.11)
2. Pertanyaan itu tak terjawab untuk waktu yang cukup lama.(p.91)
The verbs tertangkap, terjual, terhubung, and terbuka clearly belong to
passive construction. Those verbs in bold emphasizes the state of being indicated by
the verb rather than the process indicated by the verb. The meanings of the verbs
show the condition or state of being as the result of the action indicated by the verb.
Alwi dkk. (1998: 131-132) state that prefix ter- conveys various of meaning:
1) to express the action done by the doer which is not on purpose, 2) can be done
and this meaning is mostly proceeded by negative ‘tidak’ or ‘tak’ and 3) the action
stated by the verbs is already obtained but the doer is not important.
B. Translation Analysis
Translating passive into passive is meant by the translator to keep the
message and style of the source language to be rendered in the target language. By
applying the same style and construction hopefully there will be no message or
information will get lost or change. The following are the examples of the passive
construction ter- + verb base in Indonesian and its translations into English.
Examples:
1. SL :
Betul, ia jg tertangkap hanya karena ia sedang berada di dalam rumah
kami. (p. 41)
TL :
Yes he got picked up by the army just because he was in our house,
getting some water to wash his food stall. (p. 19)
2. SL :
Tapi, dalam hal ini tubuhnya sudah kehilangan hak untuk menentukan
hidup atau mati lagi karena jiwanya telah terjual. (p. 49)
TL :
3. SL :
But his body had no more rights to decide. It had been sold. (p. 28)
Kami harus berbagi satu-satunya kamar mandi yang terhubung dengan
kedua kamar tidur itu. (p. 85)
TL :
We all share the one and only bathroom in the house which is connected
to both bedrooms. (p. 32)
4. SL :
TL :
Satu lagi sebuah cerita cinta terbuka di depanku. (p. 89)
One more chapter of love had been opened in front of me. (p. 59)
As we can observe that in sentence no.1 the passive verb ‘tertangkap’ is
translated into ‘got picked up’, in sentence no. 2 the passive verb ‘terjual’ is
translated into ‘been sold’ since there is an auxiliary ‘had’, in sentence no. 3 the
passive verb ‘terhubung’ is translated into ‘is connected’, and in sentence no. 4 the
passive verb ‘terbuka’ is translated into ‘been opened’, since there is an auxiliary
‘had’. Looking at the procedure of translation, modulation is also applied since
there is a change of point of view. The meaning of passive verbs ‘tertangkap’,
‘terjual’, ‘terhubung’ and ‘terbuka’ is different from the passive verbs ‘got picked
up’, ‘been sold’, ‘is connected’ and ‘been opened’. In the SL, prefix ter- which is
attached to verb base which means the action or event takes place unplanned or
accidentally happens. But passive verbs in the TL show that the action or event is
on purpose or has been planned. So the actions or events seem to occur accidentally
in the SL but deliberately take place in the TL. Passive verb in sentence no. 1
applied modulation process, that is, the change in the point of view from plain to
soft one. The verbs in sentence no. 2, 3 and 4 applied literal translation procedure
which is adopted by the translator in order to maintain the meaning of the passive of
the source language in the target language.
Shift certainly appears here since the Indonesian verbs tertangkap, terjual,
terhubung and terbuka belong to the domain of morphology. The verbs are all
formed through morphological process, that is, by attaching the prefix ter- to the
verb base, whereas in English: got picked up, been sold, is connected and been
opened belong to the domain of syntax. Again there is a level shift. From the
translation process, intra-system shift occurs because the translation involves
selection of a non-corresponding term in the target language system – this is
regardless of whether the source language and target language possess systems
which approximately correspond formally.
As for the loss and gain of information, the only gain of information can be
identified. It is shown in sentence no.1, where the translator added the phrase ‘the
army’. Here the translator wants to emphasize that the doer is important, and the
translator wants to tell the readers that the army arrested him because he was in the
house getting some water to wash his food stall.
A number of negated ter- verbs have English equivalents with un-/in-…..-able:
1. SL :
Ada banyak unsur ketidaksengajaan yang mampu mempersatukan 2 hati
yang berbeda, dengan cara-cara yang tidah pernah terpikirkan
sebelumnya oleh kita. (p.11)
TL :
There were a lot of coincidences that brought 2 hearts together in very
unthinkable ways. (p.64)
2. SL :
TL :
Pertanyaan itu tak terjawab untuk waktu yang cukup lama.(p.91)
The question was left unanswered for a very long time. (p.63)
The phrase tidak pernah terpikirkan and tak terjawab in Indonesian are
translated into word unthinkable and unanswered in English. In sentence no. 1 the
phrase tidak pernah terpikirkan is translated into unthinkable. The word ‘tidak’
which is translated into prefix ‘un-‘, while the word ‘pernah’ is translated into
suffix ‘-able’. From this analysis we can see that unit shift occurs, that is, changing
the form from phrase to word. In sentence no. 2, unit shift also occurs because the
form changes, that is, from phrase to word. As the general types of translation, the
translator applied modified literal translation, that is, modify the order and grammar
enough to use acceptable sentence structure in the receptor language. However, the
lexical items are translated literally. In a modified literal translation, the translator
usually adjusts the translation enough to avoid real nonsense and wrong meanings,
but the unnaturalness still remains (Larson, 1998: 18).
4.3.2 Ber- + Verb Base as Indonesian Passive Construction
A. Passive Identification
According to Fang in his book, Indonesian Grammar Made Easy (1996:
232) there is another type of passive construction beside prefix di– and prefix ter-,
that is, prefix ber-. In Indonesian the prefix ber- is also used to express the passive
voice. Below are the examples of passive constructions marked by prefix ber-:
Examples:
1. Semua teoriku itu berdasarkan semua cerita yang aku dengar dari nenekku.
(p.16)
2. Aku tidak berencana menjadi tentara dan maju ke medan perang, jadi aku tidak
harus berlatih menyembuhkan ketakutanku akan darah dan sejenisnya. (p. 96).
As we can observe from the two sentences above that the passive verb in
sentence no. 1 is marked by prefix ber- + verb base + -kan, sentence no. 2 is
marked by prefix ber- + verb base. Passive verb berdasarkan has the same meaning
as didasarkan and the passive verb berlatih has the same meaning as dilatih.
B. Translation Analysis
Nida (1974: 12) states that translating must aim primarily at reproducing
the message. But to reproduce the message one must make a good grammatical and
lexical adjustment. This understanding of translation means that the forms can
change whenever necessary but the meaning must be well carried out in the target
language.
The following are the translation of the passive constructions marked by
ber- + verb base:
Examples:
1. SL :
Semua teoriku itu berdasarkan semua cerita yang aku dengar dari
nenekku. (p.16)
TL :
Well, my theory was merely based on the tales I heard from grandma.
(p.11)
2. SL :
Aku tidak berencana menjadi tentara dan maju ke medan perang, jadi
aku tidak harus berlatih menyembuhkan ketakutanku akan darah dan
sejenisnya. (p. 96).
TL :
I was not planning to join the army or go to war so I didn’t have to be
trained to get used to blood or overcome my fear of blood. (p. 67)
In sentence no. 1 the passive construction ber- + dasar + kan is translated
into be (was) + based (on), whereas in sentence no. 2 the passive construction ber+ latih is translated into be + trained. From this analysis we can see that level shift
occurs, that is, changing the form from morphology to syntax. In translating passive
into passive the translator uses literal procedure in accordance with the theory
proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet, that literal translation is direct transfer of the SL
text into grammatical and idiomatically appropriate of the TL text.
4.4
Passive into Active
As already been discussed before, that passive is frequently translated into
passive. However in some cases passive can also be translated into an active
sentence. This is done because the translator wants to reproduce the same meaning
of the source language even though there the translator needs to change the form of
the sentence in the target language. Below are some examples of data of passive
constructions in Indonesian which are translated into active in English.
Examples:
1. SL :
TL :
2. SL :
Ini bisa dikatakan sebagai sebuah keajaiban. (p. 15)
It sounds like a miracle. (p. 11)
Seperti itu jugalah kehidupan ayahku. Demi cinta, Ayah rela ditunggagi
ibu. (p. 193)
TL :
That’s how my father lived too. For the sake of love, he let my mother
ride him. (p. 141)
3. SL :
Adikku harus segera dilahirkan karena tali pusarnya membelit leher
mungilnya dan hampir mencekiknya. (p. 36)
TL :
She had some complications, so they had to do a C-section to get my
sister out. (p. 24)
All the bold type in the source language verbs above are passive because
they are characterized by prefix di– and they are translated into active. Translating
passive into active normally happens when the translator thinks that it is the closest
and natural equivalence for the target language. This phenomenon is also implicitly
supported by Nida (1974: 12) that to reproduce the message one must make a good
grammatical and lexical adjustment. Larson (1984:3) also adds that in doing
translation, the meaning is being transferred and must be held constantly and only
the form changes. To make the analysis systematic, the examples above will be
discussed one by one as follows:
1. SL :
TL :
Ini bisa dikatakan sebagai sebuah keajaiban. (p. 15)
It sounds like a miracle. (p. 11)
In sentence no.1 passive ‘dikatakan’ is translated into ‘sounds’. Looking at
the translation procedure proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet (in Venuti 2000: 86) the
modulation procedure is used by the translator that is varying the form of language,
obtained by a change in the point of view. Passive verb normally emphasizes the
action indicated by the verb whereas active verb normally emphasizes the doer of
the action indicated by the verb. In detailed description, we can see that the passive
‘dikatakan’ is derived from the word ‘kata’ characterized by passive marker di- and
suffix –kan, and in English the verb base is ‘sound’, the ‘s’ in the end of this word
is used because the subject is singular noun ‘it’. Here class shift also occurs from
verb ‘dikatakan’ into noun ‘sounds’.
2. SL :
Seperti itu jugalah kehidupan ayahku. Demi cinta, Ayah rela ditunggagi
ibu. (p. 193)
TL :
That’s how my father lived too. For the sake of love, he let my mother
ride him. (p. 141)
In sentence no. 2, the passive verb ‘ditunggangi’ is translated into active
verb ‘ride’. The methodology of translation applies in the verb is equivalence, that
is, the same situation which can be rendered by two texts using completely different
stylistic and structure method. For the process of translation, the translator applied
modified literal translation here in order to modify the order and grammar enough
to use acceptable sentence structure in the receptor language. However, the lexical
items are translated literally. There is changing of structure from SL to TL. In SL
the form of the sentence is passive voice but it is translated into active by the
translator in order to keep the message and to keep the naturalness. It is usually
called structure shift that is involving a change in grammatical structure between
source text and target text
3. SL :
Adikku harus segera dilahirkan karena tali pusarnya membelit leher
mungilnya dan hampir mencekiknya. (p. 36)
TL :
She had some complications, so they had to do a C-section to get my
sister out. (p. 24)
In sentence no. 3, the passive verb ‘dilahirkan’ is translated into phrase ‘(to)
get my sister out’. Looking at the translation procedure proposed by Vinay and
Darbelnet (in Venuti 2000: 86), there is an instance of modulation, namely the
change in point of view from passive to active. In detailed description, we can see
that the passive verb ‘dilahirkan’ which is derived from prefix di- + lahir + –kan, is
a form of word. Whereas in English it is translated into phrase ‘(to) get my sister
our’, so level shift applied in the verb, that is, from morphology into lexical.
Addition of information also occurs in this sentence. In Indonesian the word
‘adikku’ is translated into ‘she’ in English, so there is addition of information here.
The word ‘adikku’ is categorized as general and not indicating whether the person is
male or female, whereas the word ‘she’ is specific in English indicating that the
subject is a female. In English ‘she’ is used when the subject is female and ‘he’ for
male. So there is specific information on the target language. The word ‘they’ in TL
is also categorized as an addition of information. ‘they’ here refers to a group of
people who have done a C-section to get out the baby, whereas in SL there is no
information about who will do the surgery.
Looking at the translation procedure proposed by Vinay and Darbalnet (in
Venuti, 2000: 93) there is a transposition of work. They state that transposition is
replacing one word class with another without changing the massage.
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1 Conclusion
Based on the analysis in the previous chapter about Indonesian passive
constructions and their translations into English found in novel “Cerita dalam
Keheningan” by Zara Zettira ZR and translated into “Every Silence has a Story”
by Ronaldo, some conclusions can be drawn as follows:
1. There are eight forms of passive constructions in Indonesian found in the novel.
These forms are: di- + verb base, di- + verb base + -i, di- + verb base + -kan,
di- + per + verb base + -i , di- + per- + verb base + -kan, ter- + verb base,
ber- + verb base and passive translated into active.
2) The form of Indonesian passive constructions such as di- + verb base, ter- +
verb base and ber- + verb base are not affected by time, it can be used whether
in the past or future. Whereas in English, time (future or past) is important in
forming sentence and usually it is called tense. The form of prefix di-, ter- and
ber- in Indonesian can be translated in English into to be (is, am, are, was,
were) + past participle , modal (will, can, shall, would, could, should) + be +
past participle, and have/has + been + past participle.
3) Prefix di- emphasizes more about the process of the action indicated by the
verb. Prefix ter- implies the actions are accidentally done or not on purpose.
And prefix ber- indicates that the subject of the sentence is a person or
something indicated by an action in that sentence.
4) Most passive constructions are translated more frequently into passive in
English to keep the style of the source language. It is not easy to move in the
opposite direction, from passive to active construction. The difficulty is that the
passive construction is more restricted than the active. There are verbs, which
do not occur in passive sentences such as RESEMBLE, WEIGH (Five stones)
and COST (Ten pounds). Modulation process and level shifts are most
frequently applied by the translator. Passive is translated into active when the
translator wants to keep the massage in the target language.
5.2 Suggestion
Indonesian passive constructions have various functions therefore they have
several of meanings. From the translation point of view, it is interesting to see the
various equivalence of passive construction from Indonesian to English. By
studying these various functions and their equivalents one can get better
understanding about the Indonesian passive construction employed in the text. And
in doing the translation, the meaning is the kingpin, so it must be well transferred to
the target language.
In order to be able to translate a passive construction from Indonesian into
English, one must first be able to grasp the meaning of the full sentence. The
knowledge of passive construction is just one of much basic knowledge which is
needed. There are still more to learn. The translators are advised to minimize the
information when translating a text from SL into TL. This can cause readers
confused or not really understand the contain of the story or message that want to be
conveyed by the writer. Addition of information which is used to give emphasis on
the storyline is allowed but still in line of the story and does not change the essence
of the story.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Jakarta: Balai Pustaka.
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Equivalence in English Found in Collective Labour Agreement”. (Thesis).
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and New York: Routledge.
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Meaning and Form. Amsterdam: Jon Benjamins Publishing Company.
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Publishing.
APPENDIX
A. Passive Construction with prefix di- + verb base
1. SL :
Banten, bahkan sampai saat ini, masih dianggap sebagai tempat di mana
mistik atau ilmu hitam berasal. (p. 8)
TL :
Banten, until today, is still believed to be the place where the most
powerful black magic priests came from. (p. 7)
2.
SL :
Atau seorang anak perempuan bernama Aniko akan dipanggil Anika
jika ia memang cantik dan anggun tentunya. (p. 20)
TL :
Or a girl named Aniko will be called Anika if she is too damned cute, of
course. (p. 14)
3. SL : Orang Indonesia sangat percaya bahwa nama seseorang dapat
mendatangkan keberuntungan. Oleh karenanya, sebuah nama dipilih
dengan sangat hati-hati. (p. 27)
TL :
Indonesians believe that names can bring luck. So names were picked
carefully. (p. 18)
4.
SL :
Mereka akan memastikan bahwa anak-anak mereka, cucu-cucu mereka,
dan generasi muda mereka memperoleh pendidikan seperti mereka, pasa
pendahulu generasi. Tradisi itu pantang untuk diubah, bahkan saat dunia
ini semakin modern. (p. 28)
TL :
They have to makes sure that their kids, their grandchildren and their
young generations will learn as ‘proper’ as the elderly. Nothing should
be changed. Nothing at all. Even if the world becomes more and more
modern. (p. 19)
5.
SL :
Paman-pamanku, para pembantu laki-laki, dan semua laki-laki di
rumahku dibawa oleh para tentara itu. (p.34).
TL :
My uncles and our house bots, all the males in the family, were taken.
(p. 23)
6. SL :
TL :
Pikiran dapat dikuras habis lewat tulisan. (p. 55)
Thoughts can be drained out through writing. (p. 37)
B. Passive Construction with prefix di- + verb base + -i
1. SL :
Katanya, saat lahir, ia dinamai “Putri Baluki” atau dalam bahasa Indo
berarti: “Putri yang Melukis”. (p. 7)
TL :
2. SL :
She was named ‘a painting princess’ when she was born. (p. 6)
Kendati demikian, sebenarnya beliau lahir dari keluarga ulama yang
pada zamannya cukup dihormati di Banten, Jawa Barat. (p. 8)
TL :
They are also considered workers, even though his father was a
respected priest amongst the villagers in their community of West Java,
Banten. (p. 7)
3. SL :
Dan momen cinta seakan-akan selalu diselubungi oleh aura mistis dan
gaib. (p. 11)
TL :
4. SL :
And the moment of love is surrounded by superstitions. (p. 8)
Mungkin lemari antik itu juga dipenuhi oleh bubuk gaib sehingga dapat
melindungi dirinya sendiri. (p. 74)
TL :
Maybe that antique drawer was filled with little black magic dust too. It
could protect itself. (p. 52)
C. Passive Construction with prefix di- + verb base + -kan
1. SL :
Sebenarnya, kata mbok bisa diartikan pula sebagai ‘ibu’ dalam
masyarakat Jawa tradisional. (p. 2)
TL :
But the truth is, ‘mbok’ can be translated as ‘mother’ in native Javanese
communities. (p. 2)
2. SL :
Bagaikan mahluk asing buatku. Seperti makanan aneh yang disodorkan
dimuka begitu saja untuk ditelan dan dicerna. (p. 3)
TL :
A rule is something like an alien to us. Something new that has been
forced onto us to be understood and followed. (p. 3)
3. SL :
Cinta yang telah diturunkan kepadaku melalui cerita-cerita nenek, ayah
dan dongeng-dongeng keluarga kami lainnya. (p. 40)
TL :
The love that had been passed on to me by my grandma, my father and
the rest of the facts in my family history. (p. 26)
4. SL :
Benda itu harus cukup kecil untuk dimasukkan ke dalam kulitmu dan ke
dalam pembuluh darah. (p. 46)
TL :
But it has to be small enough to be smuggled in into your body,
underneath the skin n into your blood vessels. (p. 29)
5. SL :
TL :
6. SL :
Sakit yang hanya mampu disembuhkan oleh obat. (p. 77)
A pain that can only be healed with a pain killer. (p. 54)
Ayah dilarikan ke rumah sakit setelah bertahun-tahun menderita
diabetes. (p. 107)
TL :
Father was sent to the hospital after years and years of being a diabetic.
(p. 76)
7. SL :
Uang hanya akan memiliki nilai pada saat digunakan. (p. 151)
TL :
Money can only have value if it is used. (p. 108)
D. Passive Construction with prefix di- + per- + verb base + -i
1. SL :
Sekarang aku akan dikelurkan dari sekolah dengan nilai lima yang masih
belum diperbaiki. (p. 102)
TL :
Not only was I kicked out from school, the D in my report card was still
not fixed. (p. 72)
E. Passive Construction with prefix di- + per- + verb base + -kan
1. SL :
Banten, bahkan sampai saat ini, masih dianggap sebagai tempat di mana
mistik atau ilmu hitam berasal. Mungkin karena citra Banten yang
sedemikian rupa itulah, kualitas keislaman kakek dipertanyakan oleh
keluarga nenek. (p. 8 – 9)
TL :
Banten, until today, is still believed to be the place where the most
powerful black magic priests came from. Because of this, his ‘muslim
quality’ was questioned. (p. 7)
F. Passive Construction with prefix ter- + verb base
1. SL :
Betul, ia jg tertangkap hanya karena ia sedang berada di dalam rumah
kami. (p. 41)
TL :
Yes he got picked up by the army just because he was in our house,
getting some water to wash his food stall. (p. 19)
2. SL :
Tapi, dalam hal ini tubuhnya sudah kehilangan hak untuk menentukan
hidup atau mati lagi karena jiwanya telah terjual. (p. 49)
TL :
But his body had no more rights to decide. It had been sold. (p. 28)
3. SL :
Kami harus berbagi satu-satunya kamar mandi yang terhubung dengan
kedua kamar tidur itu. (p. 85)
TL :
We all share the one and only bathroom in the house which is connected
to both bedrooms. (p. 32)
4. SL :
TL :
Satu lagi sebuah cerita cinta terbuka di depanku. (p. 89)
One more chapter of love had been opened in front of me. (p. 59)
A number of negated ter- verbs have English equivalents with un-/in-…..-able:
1. SL :
Ada banyak unsur ketidaksengajaan yang mampu mempersatukan 2 hati
yang berbeda, dengan cara-cara yang tidah pernah terpikirkan
sebelumnya oleh kita. (p.11)
TL :
There were a lot of coincidences that brought 2 hearts together in very
unthinkable ways. (p.64)
2. SL :
TL :
Pertanyaan itu tak terjawab untuk waktu yang cukup lama.(p.91)
The question was left unanswered for a very long time. (p.63)
F. Passive Construction with prefix ber- + verb base
1. SL :
Semua teoriku itu berdasarkan semua cerita yang aku dengar dari
nenekku. (p.16)
TL :
Well, my theory was merely based on the tales I heard from grandma.
(p.11)
2. SL :
Aku tidak berencana menjadi tentara dan maju ke medan perang, jadi
aku tidak harus berlatih menyembuhkan ketakutanku akan darah dan
sejenisnya. (p. 96).
TL :
I was not planning to join the army or go to war so I didn’t have to be
trained to get used to blood or overcome my fear of blood. (p. 67)
G. Passive translated into active
1. SL :
TL :
2. SL :
Ini bisa dikatakan sebagai sebuah keajaiban. (p. 15)
It sounds like a miracle. (p. 11)
Seperti itu jugalah kehidupan ayahku. Demi cinta, Ayah rela ditunggagi
ibu. (p. 193)
TL :
That’s how my father lived too. For the sake of love, he let my mother
ride him. (p. 141)
3. SL :
Adikku harus segera dilahirkan karena tali pusarnya membelit leher
mungilnya dan hampir mencekiknya. (p. 36)
TL :
She had some complications, so they had to do a C-section to get my
sister out. (p. 24)