Download modul 3 LOCAL AREA NETWORK

Survey
yes no Was this document useful for you?
   Thank you for your participation!

* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project

Document related concepts

Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet wikipedia , lookup

Computer network wikipedia , lookup

IEEE 1394 wikipedia , lookup

AppleTalk wikipedia , lookup

Low Pin Count wikipedia , lookup

Airborne Networking wikipedia , lookup

Piggybacking (Internet access) wikipedia , lookup

Zero-configuration networking wikipedia , lookup

Power over Ethernet wikipedia , lookup

IEEE 802.1aq wikipedia , lookup

IEEE 802.11 wikipedia , lookup

Cracking of wireless networks wikipedia , lookup

Wake-on-LAN wikipedia , lookup

MIL-STD-1553 wikipedia , lookup

Bus (computing) wikipedia , lookup

VMEbus wikipedia , lookup

I²C wikipedia , lookup

CAN bus wikipedia , lookup

IEEE 1355 wikipedia , lookup

UniPro protocol stack wikipedia , lookup

Transcript
Jaringan Telekomunikasi
Institut Teknologi Telkom
LOCAL AREA NETWORK
LOCAL AREA NETWORKS (LAN)
Classifications of Computer Networks: LAN, MAN, WAN
 Point-To-Point Connection and Shared Medium
 LAN Topology: Star, Ring, Bus
 Typical LANs
- Ethernet (CSMA/CD)
- LocalTalk (CSMA/CA)
- Wireless LAN
- Token Ring
- FDDI
 Unicast, Broadcast, Multicast

DEFINISI LAN
IEEE mendefinisikan jaringan wilayah lokal (LAN) sebagai
“sebuah jaringan komunikasi untuk menghubungkan
berbagai perangkat (contohnya personal computer,
workstation, printer, perangkat penyimpanan file) yang dapat
mengirimkan data pada daerah terbatas, biasanya dalam
suatu fasilitas perkantoran/organisasi”
 Laju data LAN, jumlah divais maksimum yang terhubung ke
LAN, jarak antar divais, dan pengembangan jaringan
bergantung pada:





Media transmisi yang digunakan
Teknik transmisi (baseband atau broadband)
Protokol pengaksesan jaringan
Konfigurasi perangkat seperti repeater, bridge, router, hub, switch
Classifications of Computer Networks
LAN – Local Area Network: A network that spans a small geographic area, such
as a single building or buildings close to each other.
Examples: Ethernet, LocalTalk, Token Ring, FDDI, ATM
PAN – Personal Area Network
MAN – Metropolitan Area Network: A network that can span a geographic area
the size of a city.
Example: DQDB
WAN – Wide Area Network: A network that can span a large geographic area,
e.g., multiple cities, countries or continents.
Examples: ARPANET, X.25, Frame Relay, SMDS, ATM
Point-To-Point Connection Network
point-to-point network provides a dedicated link between any two
computers/devices
- dedicated link: used by only two computers and not shared with others
- high security and privacy
- (N2-N)/2 links are needed for N computers/devices
45 links (N=10), 4950 links (N=100), 499500 links (N=1000)
- Such network is not used in practical because of its cost and inflexibility
Shared Communication Channel/Medium in LAN
Shared Medium
- wire, cable, fiber
- radio, infrared, …
Key natures of LAN:
- Media type: wired/wireless, twisted pair/cable/fiber, radio/infrared
- Topology: network shape/connection method
- Protocol: how to use shared medium, media access control technique
a) TDM: only one computer can send data in a time
b) Frame: transfer element, each LAN has its own frame format
- Bit rate: usually from 1Mbps~1Gbps
TOPOLOGI FISIK

Bus

Ring

Star

Extended Star

Hirarki

Mesh
Lecture 4
LAN Topologies
Star Topology
Ring Topology
Bus Topology
BUS
Topologi yang menggunakan single backbone segment yang terhubung
secara langsung ke semua host.
 Setiap komputer disambung dengan T Bus (Bus berbentuk T) dan kedua
ujung sambungan diberi resistor 50 ohm.
 Semua perangkat jaringan yang terhubung dalam topology bus dapat
melihat semua sinyal yang melintas dalam single backbone tersebut.
Keuntungan:
 Murah, karena tidak memakai banyak media dan media yang dipakai
sudah umum (banyak dalam pasaran)
 Setiap komputer dapat saling berhubungan langsung.
Kerugian:
 Sering terjadi hang / crash, yaitu bila lebih dari satu pasang memakai
bus yang sama.
 Tidak dapat dipakai secara bersamaan dalam satu waktu, harus
bergantian atau ditambah relay.
 Jika single backbone terputus maka jaringan rusak. Trafik yang padat
dan sering terjadinya collision paket data.
Lecture 4
Ethernet - Bus Topology
Media:
Coax cable, twisted pair, fiber
Topology: Logic bus (physically may be bus or star)
Transmit: Only one can transmit at any time, all others receive transmission
Speed:
10Mbps, 100Mbps (fast Ethernet) and 1000Mbps (gigabit Ethernet)
Status:
Most popular LAN and widely used
History: Invented at Xerox (Palo Alto Research Center) in 1970s
Defined a DIX standard by Digital Equipment, Intel and Xerox
IEEE currently controls Ethernet standards
Project 802.3 – Ethernet
Define media, voltages, encoding, data rates, frames, wiring, …
Lecture 4
When to start transmit - CSMA
All computers connect a bus and only one can transmit at a time Who can?
No central control when computers transmit on the bus.
Ethernet employs CSMA to coordinate transmission among multiple computers
CSMA (Carrier Sense with Multiple Access)
- MA (Multiple Access): multiple computers are attached, any can access bus
- CS (Carrier Sense): computer wanting to transmit listen carrier before send
wait if medium is busy (another computer is transmitting)
transmit if medium is idle (no one transmits)
Lecture 4
When to start transmit – CSMA/CD
Collision
Animation
Animation
Even with CSMA, two computers may transmit simultaneously
- Both find it idle and begin transmitting in almost a same time
- Two signals exist in medium, interfere each other, call collision
CD (Carrier Detection)
- Monitor outgoing signal
- Stop transmissions after collision is detected
- Each waits random time in [0, S]
- listen the bus and transmit again if it is idle
- Wait random time in [0, 2S] if collisions is detected again
- Double waiting time range [0, 2kS] when k+1 collisions detected
called exponential backoff, very effective in practical
Lecture 4
LocalTalk - Bus Topology
reserve
transmit
Media:
Coax cable, twisted pair
Topology: Logic bus (physically may be bus or star)
Transmit: Only one can transmit at any time, all others receive transmission
Speed:
230Kbps ~
Status:
IEEE Project 802.4, Apple’s Macintosh computers, low cost & easy
install
CSMA/CA: Using CSMA to listen and transmit
Using CA (collision avoidance) rather than CD (collision detection)
- send a short message to reserve the bus if it is idle
- transmit a frame if reservation is successful (no collision)
- listen and reserve again
RING
Menghubungakan suatu host dengan host berikutnya dan antar host yang
terakhir dengan host yang awal sehingga terbentuk seperti cincin dari kabel.
Tiap node hanya terkoneksi secara fisik dengan node
yang ada di sebelahnya (kanan dan kirinya).
 Media transmisi yang dipakai dapat berupa twisted
pair, kabel coaxial dan serat optik .
Keuntungan:
 Seperti Topologi Bus
 Penggunaan sambungan point to point membuat
transmission error dapat diperkecil
Kerugian:
 Data yang dikirim bila melalui banyak komputer,
transfer data menjadi lambat.

Lecture 4
Token Ring - Ring Topology
Token frame (3 bytes)
SD AC ED
Data frame
token
SD AC FC DAdd SAdd
SD: Start Delimiter
AC: Access Control
ED: End Delimiter
FC: Frame Control
FS: Frame Status
Payload
CRC ED FS
Up to 4550 bytes
Animation
Animation
Media:
Twisted pair (TW), fiber
Topology: Logic ring (physically may be ring or star)
Transmit: Bits flow in single direction from sender, next, destination to send
Speed:
4, 16 or 100Mbps
Status:
IEEE Project 802.5, first developed by IBM
Token:
A permission to send data across the ring
Only one token in a ring and the token rotates one by one
If no data to be sent, computer passes received token to the next
When a computer obtains the token, it can send a single packet
A packet travels around entire ring and finally arrives source
STAR
Mengkoneksikan semua kabel dari tiap host ke
central point sebagai konsentrator.
 Konsentrator ini biasanya berupa hub atau switch.

Keuntungan:


Akses ke server cepat
Dapat menampung banyak user yang melakukan
banyak proses ke server
User dapat lebih banyak dibanding Bus

Kerugian:


Bila ada dua user yang ingin berhubungan
(berkomunikasi) harus melalui server dulu sehingga
ada kemungkinan terdapat error bila sambungan
masing-masing user ke server kurang baik.
Apabila konsentrator rusak maka jaringan rusak.
Bentuk Konfigurasi Jaringan
2.
Jaringan Bintang
Pada sistem yang menggunakan jaringan bintang
akan terdapaat satu sentral utama/host/tandem
berfungsi
sebagai
sentral
transit
yang
menghubungkan semua sentral yang terhubung
kepadanya.
Sentral
A
Sentral
B
Sentral
Transit
T
Sentral
D
Sentral
C
Sifat-sifat jaringan Bintang
1. Cocok untuk jaringan dengan volume trafik yang rendah
2. Trafik ke sentral lain (antar sentral) dari suatu sentral dikonsentrasikan melalui
sentral transit, sehingga sentral transit biasanya mempunyai derajat yang
lebih tinggi.
3. Jumlah berkas saluran S linear terhadap jumlah sentral N atau S = N-1
Contoh : N = 5 sentral maka S = 5 – 1 = 4 saluran
4. Konsentrasi saluran besar
5. Efisiensi saluran tinggi
Kelemahan jaringan bintang
Bila sentral transit mengalami gangguan (break down) maka semua sentral di
bawahnya akan terisolir (tidak dapat saling berhubungan)
HIRARKI
Mirip dengan extended star tetapi ia tidak punya
konsentrator.
Sistemnya terhubung ke komputer yang
mengontrol traffic dalam topology.
Mesh
Tiap host punya koneksi sendiri ke semua host
yang ada dalam jaringan.
Karena tiap node terkoneksi ke semua node,
maka data dapat dikirimkan melalui beberapa
jalur yang ada.
Bentuk Konfigurasi Jaringan
Jumlah sentral  5
N
1.
Jaringan Mata Jala
S S  1
2

55  1
2

5.4
2

20
 10 saluran
2
Jaringan mata jala adalah jaringan yang Keuntungan dari jaringan mata jala
menghubungkan antara satu titik dengan
1. Tiap
sentral
mempunyai
titik lain tanpa melalui satu titik pusat
derajat yang sama.
Sentral
B
Sentral
A
Sentral
C
Sentral
E
Sentral
D
Bila jumlah sentral sama dengan S
dan jumlah saluran yang dibutuhkan
adalah N maka dapat dirumuskan:
N
SS  1
2
2. Tiap
sentral
mempunyai
hubungan langsung
3. Peralatan switching dapat
lebih sederhana
4. Syarat saluran lebih murah
5. Bila salah satu saluran
penghubung
terganggu,
maka hubungan antar sentral
masih tetap dapat dilakukan
melalui saluran yang lain.
Kerugian jaringan mata jala
1. Efisiensi
saluran
rendah
karena
memerlukan banyak berkas
2. Konsentrasi saluran agak rendah
3. Jaringan mata jala yang satu dengan
yang lain sulit dihubungkan
ETHERNET





Jaringan komputer umumnya menggunakan tipe jaringan ethernet,
di mana topologi bisa berupa bus, dan star.
Mode pengiriman digunakan CSMA merupakan salah satu skema
dalam proses pengiriman paket, di mana pemakainya mendeteksi
kanal lebih dahulu apakah kanal sibuk atukah sedang bebas,
sebelum proses pengiriman paket.
Bila pemakai mendeteksi kanal dalam keadaan bebas (idle), maka
paket akan dikirimkan.
Sedangkan bila kanal terdeteksi dalam keadaan sibuk (busy), maka
pengiriman paket ditunda untuk beberapa saat. Collision antar
paket masih mungkin terjadi.
Untuk itu dibuat suatu perbaikan metode CSMA dengan nama
CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection),
yang sering disebut juga dengan metode Listen While Talk (LWT).
TOKEN RING
Token Ring merupakan salah satu protokol untuk LAN yang menggunakan
kendali transmisi terdistribusi dan telah distandarisasi oleh IEEE nomor
802.5.
Kendali transmisi pada Token Ring dilakukan oleh bit-bit token yang beredar
sekeliling jaringan ring dari stasiun ke stasiun berikutnya. Bit-bit tersebut
ditransmisikan secara serial melalui media transmisi fisik dan akan
mengalami delay tiap melalui stasiun di dalam jaringan ring.
Setiap stasiun akan membangkitkan kembali dan akan meneruskan setiap
bit ke stasiun berikutnya. Jadi stasiun-stasiun dalam Ring juga berfungsi
sebagai regenerator dan repeater.
Suatu stasiun tujuan yang telah diberi alamat akan menyalin informasi yang
dikirim stasiun awal bila informasi tersebut lewat, dan stasiun awal akan
menghapusnya bila informasi tersebut telah membentuk satu loop penuh
mengelilingi ring.
FIBER DISTRIBUTED DATA INTERFACE
FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Intrface) digunakan dengan kabel fiber optic
FDDI menggunakan arsitektur dual-ring dengan arah penjalaran data yang
saling berlawanan, yaitu primary dan secondary ring
Selama keadaan jaringan yang normal, maka ring primer yang digunakan
untuk pentransmisian data, dan ring sekunder dalam posisi idle.
FDDI biasanya digunakan sebagai backbone berkecepatan tinggi sebab
mendukung bandwidth yang besar dan lebih jauh jangkauannya
dibandingkan kabel tembaga.
Lecture 4
FDDI - Ring Topology
SD FC ED
Token frame (3 bytes)
Data frame
SD FC DAdd SAdd
Payload
CRC ED FS
Up to 4550 bytes
Features: multiple frames for MM data or RT trans.
Media:
Fiber (Fiber Distributed Data Interconnect) or cable (CDDI)
Topology: Two rings
Transmit: Bits can flow in 2 directions for improving reliability
Speed:
100 Mbps
Status:
ANSI standard, expensive than Ethernet and Token Ring
Token:
A permission to send data across the ring
Only one token in a ring and the token rotates one by one
If no data to be sent, computer passes received token to the next
When a computer obtains the token, it can send a single packet
A packet travels around entire ring and finally arrives source
Lecture 4
Wireless LAN - Bus Topology
Media:
Air (infrared, spread spectrum, narrowband microwave)
Topology: Logic bus
Transmit: Only one can transmit, not all others can receive transmission
depended upon transmitting energy and distance
Speed:
1~10Mbps (infrared), 1~20Mbps (spread), 10~100Mbps (MW)
Status:
IEEE Project 802.11, many products from different companies
CSMA/CA: Using CSMA to listen and transmit
Using CA (collision avoidance) rather than CD (collision detection)
- send a short message to reserve the medium if it is idle
- transmit a frame if reservation is successful (no collision)
- listen and reserve again
WIRELESS LAN


Wireless LAN: small range (< 100m)
IEEE 802.11 (similar to Ethernet)
- Defined by IEEE (Institute for Electrical and Electronic Engineers)
- Access control: CSMA/CD (only one can send each time similar to TDMA,
listen and transmit if no other transmission, otherwise wait)
- Speed: 2Mbps (infrared), >10Mbps (Microwave, 2.4/5.2GHz)

HIPERLAN
- Defined by ETSI (European Telecommunication Standard Institute)
- Access control: dynamic TDMA
- Speed: 25Mbps (5GHz) and 155Mbps (17GHz)

HomeRF
- Defined by Home Radio Frequency Working Group (Industry, 1998)
- Access control: similar IEEE 802.11 with priority and reservation control
- Speed: 10Mbps (2.4GHz), support both data, voice and streaming

Bluetooth
- Defined by Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG, industry)
- Access control: TDD (Time Division Duplex) with circuit and packet switch
- Speed: 1M~10bps
APLIKASI WIRELESS
Address and Frame
Source station
Source address
Destination station
Destination address
Packet
Header
Dest Addr
Frame data or Payload
Trailer
Sour Addr
All stations (computers/devices) on shared-media LAN receive all transmissions
Each station assigned unique number, called station address or
hardware address fixed by manufacturer,
configured manually or electronically
provided dynamically by software
A sender specifies destination address and source address in its frame header
Destination Address and Transmission Mode
unicast
broadcast
multicast
Packet can be sent to:
- Single destination (station address)
called unicast (1-to-1)
- All stations (a special address),
called broadcast (1-to-all)
- Subset of stations (special addresses), called multicast (1-to-m)
Ethernet
- Each station has 48bits (6 bytes) unique address assigned by manufacturer
- Broadcast address: all 1s address (1111…11)
- Multicast address: [1xx…x], half of addresses reserved for multicast
Ethernet Frame Format
Preamble: 64bits (8 bytes) for receiver synchronization with incoming signal
Destination address and source address
Frame type (2 bytes):
- 0000~05DC Reserved for use with IEEE LLC/SNAP
- 0800
Internet IP Version 4
- 8008
AT&T Corporation
- 8014
Silicon Graphics Corporation network games
- 8137-8138 Novell Corporation IPX
-…
Data or Payload: Minimum 46 bytes and maximum 1500 bytes
CRC (4 bytes): Cyclic redundancy check
Exercise
1. Prove that the total number of links in a point-to-point network
with N computers is (N2-N)/2
2. For each of bus, star and ring topologies, discuss the
consequences if a station has broken.
3. In most technologies, a sending station can choose the amount of
data in a frame, but the frame header is a fixed size. Calculate
the percentage of bits in a frame devoted to the header, trailer
and preamble for the largest and smallest Ethernet frame.
4. Assume a one megabyte file must be send from one computer to
another (both are connected to a same 10BaseT Ethernet).
What is the minimum time to send the file across the network?
What is the minimum time across a Fast Ethernet? Across a
gigabit Ethernet?
5. Give the definitions and examples of unicast, broadcast and
multicast, respectively.