Download 2 nd C. BCE

Chapter 11
Mediterranean Society: The Roman
Phase
1
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Rome
 Flash
Cards:
Roman tribune
 plebeians

2
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Rome
 Flash
Cards:
Twelve Tables
 Punic Wars

3
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Rome
 Flash
Cards:
latifundia
 Caesar Augustus

4
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Rome

Flash Cards
 Pax Romana
 pater familias
5
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Rome
Flash
Cards:
Paul of Tarsus
Constantine
6
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Establishment of Rome
 Indo-Europeans
into Italy
 c. 2000 BCE

Legend of Romulus and Remus
 Rome founded 753 BCE
7
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Establishment of the Republic, 509 BCE
built Roman forum
 Republican constitution
 Executive branch: 2 Consuls
 Plus, Senate
 later, tribunes

8
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Social Conflict
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Patricians vs. Plebeians
 aristocrats vs. commoners
 continuous conflict
Plebeians allowed to elect tribunes
 rights expanded through 3rd c. BCE
9
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Expansion of the Republic
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Took over iron industry 5th-4th c. BCE
Expanded via military threat and incentives
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Tax exemptions
Trade privileges
Citizenship
Religious tolerance
Expanded Greek citizenship concepts
10
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The Punic Wars
Conflict with Carthage, 264-164 BCE

Three major wars:
 1st under Hamilcar
 2nd under Hannibal
 over Sicilian grain supply
 Determined trade access to western Mediterranean

By middle of 2nd C. BCE:
 Rome dominated Mediterranean Sea

“The Roman Lake”
11
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Imperial Expansion

Land distribution
 continuous problem
 development of large latifundia
 state-run, slave-worked farms.
 unfair competition for small landholders
12
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The Roman Republic to 146 BCE
13
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The Gracchi Brothers
Tiberius and Gaius
 Tribunes
 Tried to limit land holdings of aristocrats
 Assassinated
Private armies developed

made up of landless peasants
14
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Julius Caesar


From aristocratic family
Rose to popularity

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Public spectacles; victories in Gaul
Attacked Rome, 49 BCE
Named himself Dictator for life, 46 BCE
15
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Caesar’s Policies
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centralized military & government
redistributed land to veterans & allies
major building projects
reduced urban unemploymnent
extended citizenship to provinces
→ aristocrats threatened
→ assassinated Caesar, 44 BCE
16
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Augustus Caesar


Civil conflict after Caesar’s
death
Nephew Octavian
 fought Mark Antony & Cleopatra
 Took title “Augustus 27 BCE
17
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Augustus’ Administration

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Monarchy disguised as republic
Increased centralization of power
Stablilized empire


“Pax Romana” → next 200 years.
Died, 14 CE
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18
The Roman Empire, c. 117 CE
19
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Pax Romana: “Roman Peace”


27-250 CE
Facilitated trade, communication


Silk Roads & Mediterranean
Roadwork = superior


Curbs, drainage, milestones
Postal service
20
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Roman Law

Twelve Tables, c. 450 BCE
 Adapted to diverse populations
 Innocent until proven guilty
 Right to challenge accusers in court
21
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Commercial Agriculture and Trade

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Latifundia: produced for export
 Regional specialization increased
 Integration of Empire-wide economy
Mediterranean Sea:
 Mare Nostrum, “our sea”
also, Silk Road trade with China.
22
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City of Rome

Cash flow


Massive construction projects


Taxes, tribute, spoils, commerce
Statuary, monumental architecture, aqueducts
Technology: concrete
23
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Roman Attractions
“bread & circuses”
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Imported goods
Underground sewage
Circus Maximus
 250,000 spectators
Colosseum
Gladitor games
24
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25
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Family and Society

Pater Familias: “father of the family”
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
right to arrange marriages
can sell children into slavery
Women not allowed to inherit property

if rich → could sometimes become citizens
26
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Slavery


2nd c. CE:
 estimated at 1/3 of population
 Customary manumission at age 30
Agricultural work, quarries, mines
 Chain labor
 Revolt under Spartacus, 73 BCE
27
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Judaism in Early Rome
Jewish monotheism challenged ancient cultures
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refused to recognize state gods
many Jewish rebellions
Romans finally crushed self-governance
 Jewish Wars (66-70 CE)
 last stand at Masada
28
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Synagogue at Capernaum
29
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Fortress at Masada
30
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Jesus of Nazareth



teacher of new moral code
reputation for miracle-working
Romans feared instigation of rebellion
 Crucified as punishment for breaking law
31
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Jesus’ Followers

Belief in Jesus’ resurrection & divine nature


given title Christ: “Anointed One”
Teachings recorded in New Testament
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Blessed are poor
Meek shall inherit the earth
Salvation for anyone
Life after death
32
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Paul of Tarsus


Extended teachings
Intensive missionary activity
33
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Growth of Early Christianity

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Roman persecution
Yet dramatic expansion of Christianity

Appealed to dispossessed, disenfranchised classes
 Urban poor
 women
34
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Sources From The Past:
Tacitus on Corruption in the Early Roman Empire
“Meanwhile at Rome consuls, senate, knights,
precipitately became servile. The more distinguished
they were, the greater their urgency and insincerity.”
- Tacitus
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McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
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Sources From The Past:

Jesus’ Moral and Ethical Teachings
“Blessed are the poor in spirit: for theirs is the
kingdom of heaven. Blessed are they that mourn:
for they shall be comforted. Blessed are the meek:
for they shall inherit the earth.”
- Matthew 5:3-5:5
Copyright ©2002 by the
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.