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Transcript
Chapter 43
Behavior Ecology
• Behavior is any action that can be observed and
described
• Behaviors have a genetic basis and environmental
influences
• Experiments using lovebirds show that hybrids show
intermediate nest building methods
• Feeding habits of two different garter snakes and their
hybrids show a genetic basis
Fig. 43.2
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
25
inland
coastal
Inland garter snake does not eat slugs.
Percentage of Snakes
20
15
10
5
0
0.5
Coastal garter snake eats slugs.
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
Tongue Flicks per Minute
(Coastal): © John Sullivan/Monica Rua/Ribbitt Photography; (Inland): © R. Andrew Odum/Peter Arnold, Inc.
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
• Maternal behavior in mice depends on gene called
fosB
• When mothers first inspect their young, information
sent to hypothalamus
• fosB alleles are activated and a particular protein is
produced
• End result is a change in neural circuitry in
hypothalamus and causes good maternal behavior
• Mice that lack good maternal behavior also lack fosB
alleles so hypothalamus does not activate any
enzymes and other genes for good mother behavior
• Originally thought that some behaviors were fixed
action patterns that were elicited by signal stimulus
• With new experiments, many FAPs improve by
learning
• Learning is defined as a durable change in behavior
brought about by experience
• Imprinting is a form of learning first observed in birds
when chicks, ducklings, and goslings follow the first
moving object they see after hatching
• This is usually their mother
• Has survival value and leads to be able to recognize
one’s species and appropriate mates
Page 803
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
© Nina Leen/Time Life Pictures/Getty Images
• Associative learning is a change in behavior that
involves an association between two events
• Both classical conditioning and operant conditioning
are examples
• In classical conditioning, two different types of
stimuli (at same time) cause animal to form
association between them
• Work of Russian psychologist Ivan Pavlov
• In operant conditioning, a stimulus-response
connection is strengthened
• Rewards for proper response
• B. F. Skinner known for lab work on operant
• Believed giving positive reinforcement more
successful than punishing undesirable behaviors
• Migration is long-distance travel from one location to
another
• Requires orientation, the ability to travel in a
particular direction
• Many birds use sun and stars to orient themselves
• They have biological clock within and a sense of time
to compensate for sun movement
• Experienced birds can navigate
• They change direction in response to other
environmental clues like Earth’s magnatic field
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Fig. 43.6
Breeding
range
Wintering
range
Holland
Switzerland
Spain
typical migratory
route of starlings
experimental relocation
of all starlings
flight path of
experienced starlings
flight path of
inexperienced starlings
• Animals may learn through imitation and insight
• An example is Japanese macaques
• Insight learning occurs when an animal suddenly
solves a problem without any prior experience with
the situation
• Chimps stacking boxes; ravens pulling meat attached
to a string up
Page. 805
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Ravens learn to retrieve food
• Some animals form a society in which members
organize in a cooperative manner beyond sexual and
parental behavior
• Communication is an action by a sender that may
influence the behavior of a receiver
• Pheromones are chemical signals in low concentration
that are passed between members of the same species
• Moths, ants and termites, cheetahs and other cats
• Humans have vomeronasal organ in the nose that can
detect odors and pheromones
• Auditory communication is fast, effective night or
day, and can be modified
• Visual communication used by species active during
day
• Tactile communication occurs when one animal
touches another
• Grooming in primates, cements social bonds within a
group
• Honeybees use a combination of methods especially
tactile in directing others to food source
Fig. 43.11
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
40o
40o
a.
b.
© OSF/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes
• Behavioral ecology assumes behavior is subject to
natural selection
• For food gathering, animals often have a particular
home range where they spend most of the day
• One part of range defended from other members of
species is their territory and behavior is territoriality
• Food gathering is technically called foraging for food
• Optimal foraging model states that it is adaptive for
foraging behavior to be as energetically as possible
• Animals that take in more energy likely have more
offspring
• Most primates are polygamous and males monopolize
• Because of gestation and lactation, females invest
more in offspring than males
• Males are expected to compete with other males for
limited number of receptive females
• A few primates are polyanthrus where one female
mates with more than one male
• Some primates are monogamous which means that
they pair bond, and both male and female help with
the rearing of the young
• Sexual selection is a form of natural selection that
favors features that increase an animal’s chances of
mating. Sexual selection often results in female
choice and male competition
Fig. 43.15
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
© D. Robert & Lorri Franz/Corbis
• Group living can help an animal avoid predators, rear
offspring, and find food
• Disadvantages include disputes over feeding and
sleeping sites
• Altruism is a behavior that has the potential to
decrease the life-time reproductive success of the
altruist, while benefiting reproductive success to
another member of the society
• Genes passed to next generation in two different ways
• 1) Direct when parent can pass a gene directly to
offspring
• 2) Indirect when a relative that reproduces can pass
the gene to the next generation
• Individual selection, called kin selection, is adaptation
to environment due to the reproductive success of the
individual’s relatives
• Inclusive fitness of an individual includes personal
reproductive success and reproductive success of
relatives
• In reciprocal altruism, animals aid one another for
future benefits