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Chapter 1 Section 2 The Roman Republic and Empire Week 3 Establishing a Republic Etruscans ruled Italy including Rome in 530 BC Romans drive out Etruscans in 509 BC and become a Republic • Senate: – 300 Patricians, landowning upper class – Made laws – Served for life Republic • Consuls – Selected by Senators – Supervised Businesses – Commanded Armies – Served 1 Term – Consulted with Senate on major issues Republic • Dictator – Elected during wars – 6 month rule Model Dictator • Cincinnatus: – Organized an army – Led Romans to victory over an attacking enemy – Attended victory celebrations – Returned to his farmlands – How long? Common People Demand Equality • Plebians: – – – – Farmers Merchants Artisans Traders • Gained the right to elect their own officials, or Tribunes, to protect their interests – Tribunes could • Veto harmful laws Lasting Legacy • Common people gained access to power and won safeguards • US Constitution adapted Roman ideas of senate, veto, and checks on power From Republic to Empire General Hannibal Rome in 133 BC Economic and Social Effect • New class of wealthy landowners made it even more difficult for farmers • Tiberius and his brother wanted reforms for the poor • They killed them and their followers on the street Julius Caesar’s Rise to Power • • • • He was a city-soldier Won several battles Senate worried about his political ambition He forced the senate to make him dictator Caesar as Dictator • • • • He pushed through many reforms for the poor Granted citizenship Created a program to employ the jobless He was stabbed to death when he went to see the Senate in 44 BC More on Caesar Caesar’s grand-nephew, Octavian, becomes leader • Senate renames Octavian, Augustus, or Exalted One • Had absolute power • Rules from 31 BC- AD 14 • Created efficient civil service to enforce laws – Opened high-level jobs to men based on talent of men not class Pax Romana “Roman Peace” • 200 years functioned well under Augustus • Peace, unity, and prosperity in the Empire • Trade flowed from Egypt, India, Africa, and China Roman Law • Civil law only applied to Roman Citizens • Needed laws for territories they claimed Created laws for both citizens and foreign subjects Based on laws of nature Created by human ability to reason Called law of nations Came from Stoic philosophy Roman Law and US Today • Innocent until proven guilty • Accused has the right to face their accuser • Judges relied on to make fair decisions Justinian’s Code • Roman Empire Collapsed under German Invaders in 400’s • The East Empire in Rome’s power was the Byzantine Empire • Reached it’s greatest size between 527-565 • Emperor Justinian – Reformed Roman laws – Followed around the world – Guided international law used today Greco-Roman Civilization • Roman Culture: – Blend of: • Greek • Hellenistic • Roman • Philosophy: – Borrowed from Greeks – Stoicism: • Stressed importance of duty • Showed concern for the well-being of all people Greco-Roman Civilization • After collapse of Western Roman Empire: – Christian Church preserved some ideals – Muslims saved work of Aristotle and translated it into Arabic • Preserved ideals in philosophy, mathematics, and science