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Paul G. Blazer Senior High
School Department of Health
and Physical Education
HIV and AIDS
Epidemic of the 21st Century
5/25/2017
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Sophomore Health
Presentation
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5/25/2017
By AJ “Doc” Stadelmeyer MA, ATC
Teacher/Head Athletic Trainer
Paul G. Blazer Senior High
December 2003
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The Purpose of this
Presentation:
The student will learn the basic facts
and information about HIV and
AIDS, including how the virus is
transmitted and how to prevent
becoming infected with it.
Scientific and medical information
about the virus, a history of the
disease, and some current
statistics and epidemiology will
also be presented.
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AIDS Stands for
Acquired Immune
Deficiency Syndrome
It is a group of symptoms and
infections that eventually lead to
death, caused by damage and
weakening of a human’s immune
system by HIV. There is no cure
or vaccine for AIDS or HIV.
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HIV Stands for Human
Immunodeficiency Virus
It is the actual virus that causes
AIDS.
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HIV is transmitted by
these body fluids:
A. Blood and blood products
B. Vaginal mucus and secretions
C. Semen
D. Any body fluid that is mixed
with infected blood
E. Sometimes breast milk
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HIV is sometimes found in,
but has never been
transmitted by the following
body fluids:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
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Saliva
Sweat
Tears
Urine
Feces
Plasma
Brain Tissue
Spinal Fluid
Respiratory Mucus
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HIV is Transmitted
Through/By:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Male Homosexual Activity
Heterosexual Activity (male – female)
Vaginal, anal, and/or oral sexual intercourse
Sharing intravenous needles, syringes and
injection supplies
E. Contact with infected blood, semen, or
vaginal secretions
F. Mother to child during or before birth
G. Transfusion of infected blood or blood
products
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The Faces of HIV and AIDS
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HIV is NOT transmitted by:
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A. Casual contact
B. Objects
C. Coughing or
sneezing
D. Mosquitoes,
ticks, fleas, lice,
insects
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E. Animals, birds,
fish, cats, dogs,
apes, monkeys, etc.
F. Normal kissing
G. Shaking hands
H. Touching,
hugging,
massaging, holding
hands
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HIV is NOT Transmitted By:
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I. Playing sports
with an infected
person
J. Working with an
infected person
K. Going to school
with an infected
person
L. Eating food
prepared or served
by an infected
person
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M. Using the
phone, computers,
fax machines, copy
machines, cell
phones
N. Sharing
cigarettes, joints,
pipes, cigars
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HIV is NOT Transmitted By:
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O. Donating blood
P. Using public
restrooms
Q. Sharing food,
drinks, pop cans,
dishes, glasses,
utensils
R. Sweat or saliva
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S. Bathtubs,
showers, saunas,
hot tubs, whirlpools
T. Swimming pools
U. Sharing
clothing, underwear
V. Sharing the same
bed
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How do you prevent HIV
infection and AIDS?
A. Practicing sexual abstinence
until you establish a mutually
monogamous relationship
within the context of marriage.
B. Refraining from injecting and
using illicit intravenous drugs.
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If you already engage in sexual
intercourse and/or have injected or
are injecting illicit drugs:
A. Stop engaging in sexual
intercourse until you are ready
to establish a mutually
monogamous relationship
within the context of marriage
B. Stop using and/or injecting
illicit drugs.
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If you are unwilling to adopt behavior
that would virtually eliminate the risk
of HIV and AIDS infection, then:
A. Avoid sexual intercourse with anyone that is
known to be infected, anyone who is at risk of
being infected, or with anyone whose HIV
status is not known;
B. Use a latex condom with nonoxynol 9
spermicide every time you engage in any
type of sexual intercourse;
C. Seek treatment if addicted to illicit drugs;
D. Do not share intravenous needles or other
injection equipment;
E Seek HIV/AIDS counseling, testing, and
treatment if possible infection is suspected.
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Other things that you should do
to prevent HIV transmission
include:
A. Know your sexual partners sex history
B. Avoid sharing toothbrushes and dental floss.
C. Be very careful with body piercing and
tattoos.
D. Get an HIV antibody test every 3 to 6 months
if you participate in high-risk behaviors or
belong to a high risk group for HIV/AIDS.
E. Use universal medical precautions when
coming in contact with wounds, with body
fluids and with objects/items covered or
saturated with body fluids, especially blood,
semen or vaginal secretions.
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High Risk Groups for
HIV/AIDS Infection
A. Homosexual/bisexual men
B. Heterosexual teenagers and young adults
(Latin American and African American
male heterosexual teenagers, and white
heterosexual female teenagers are
considered high risk groups right now in the
United States for HIV infection)
C. All intravenous drug users/abusers
D. Prostitutes, Pornographic Movie actors and
actresses
E. Hemophiliacs
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High Risk Activities for
Transmission:
A. Direct blood to blood contact
B. Anal intercourse
C. Sharing intravenous needles
D. Vaginal intercourse
E. Oral intercourse
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Other Facts About HIV
Transmission
A. The HIV Virus can enter the body through the
lining of the vagina, vulva, penis, rectum, or
mouth during sexual activity.
B. Having a sexually transmitted disease such
as syphilis, genital herpes, chlamydial
infection, gonorrhea, or bacterial vaginosis
appears to make people more susceptible to
getting HIV infection during sex with infected
partners.
C. Only about 1% of all cases of HIV infection in
the United States have occurred from blood
transfusions or perinatally (mother to baby).
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Other Facts About HIV
Transmission
D. The same behaviors that
prevent exposure to HIV also
may prevent unwanted
pregnancies, and exposure to
organisms that cause sexually
transmitted diseases.
E. 4 million teenagers are infected
each year with an STD.
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What does HIV do when it
enters the human body?
A. HIV attaches to T-4 Helper Cells in the Immune System
B. The virus reproduces itself many times inside the
nucleus of the T-4 cell. It sort of sets up a virus
factory inside the cell.
C. The T-4 cells breaks open, and the new HIV cells travel
in the immune system looking for new T-4 cells to
infect.
D. The old T-4 cell is damaged and is destroyed.
E. As this process repeats itself over and over in the
infected persons immune system, they eventually start
to have a decrease in the number of T-4 cells in their
immune system. This gradually weakens the person’s
immune system.
F. When the infected persons immune system begins to fail,
they are diagnosed with AIDS.
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The AIDS Diagnosis
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A. A normal healthy persons T-4 cell count
is 1000 cells/ml of blood.
B. To be diagnosed with AIDS a persons T-4
cell count must be at or below 200/ml of
blood.
C. Also in order to be diagnosed with AIDS,
the person must have been diagnosed
with at least one of the 26
opportunistic infections that are
common in AIDS patients with
compromised immune system
function. (there will be more about
opportunistic infections later)
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The Medical Stages of
HIV/AIDS
A. Exposure to HIV. They are infectious at this stage.
This stage may last 6 weeks to 6 months or longer.
HIV will not show up on HIV blood tests.
B. The virus is detectable in the body by antibody
testing. This Occurs usually 6 weeks to 6 months
after exposure. They are infectious at this stage.
Their T-4 cell count is normal. Some people have
stayed in this stage 12 years or longer.
C. The immune system weakens. The T-4 cell count
begins to Decrease. The person has chronic swollen
glands, increased illness, and they are chronically
tired. They may have some unexplained weight
loss. They are infectious. This stage may last from
several months to 2 or 3 years.
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The Medical Stages of
HIV/AIDS
D. AIDS is diagnosed. The T-4 cell count goes below
200/ml of Blood. The immune system is damaged
and opportunistic infections begin to occur. It is
very hard to resist diseases. They are still
infectious. This stage may last months to 1 or 2
years.
E. Very sick. The immune system begins to shut down.
There
F. Are multiple infections, the person is probably
hospitalized, in a nursing home or in hospice care,
they have massive weight loss and exhaustion. They
are still infectious. This stage usually only lasts a
few months.
G. Total immune system failure, leading to death.
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The Opportunistic
Infections
** This is an infection caused by organisms and
disorders that do not infect people with healthy
immune systems. There are 26 identified
opportunistic infections that people with AIDS may
have. These infections include:
A. Pneumocystic Carinii Pneumonia (PCP)
B. Candida (Thrush)
C. Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
D. Herpes Simplex
E. Herpes Zoster (Shingles)
F. Cryptococcal Meningitis
G. Toxoplasmosis
H. AIDS Dementia Brain Disorder
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The Opportunistic
Infections
I. Mycobacterium Avium Complex (MAI or MAC)
J. Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
K. Kaposi’s Sarcoma (KS)
L. Rare Lymphomas
M.Severe Diarrhea
N. AIDS Wasting Syndrome
O. Cryptosporidiosis
P. Severe Out of Control Rashes (Seborrheic
Dermatitis, Psoriasis, Fungal Infections)
Q. Severe Vulvovaginal Candidiasis
R. Severe Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) Genital
Warts
Severe Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
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The Symptoms of AIDS
A. Unexplained, persistent fatigue
B. Unexplained fever, shaking, chills, or night sweats lasting more
than a few weeks.
C. Unexplained weight loss greater than 10 pounds.
D. Swollen lymph glands in the neck, arm pit or groin which are
otherwise unexplainable and/or which last more than 2 months.
E. Pink or purple flat raised blotches or bumps occurring on or
under the skin, inside the mouth, nose, eyelids, or rectum. They
initially resemble bruises, but they do not disappear, and they
are usually harder than the skin around them.
F. Persistent weight spots or unusual blemishes in the mouth.
G. Persistent diarrhea.
H. Persistent dry cough with has lasted too long to be caused by a
normal respiratory infection, especially if accompanied by a
shortness of breath.
I. Appearance of any of the opportunistic infections.
J. A T-4 cell count at or below 200/ml of blood.
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The Symptoms of HIV
During the incubation period for
HIV (6 months to 10 or more
years) there are usually no
symptoms at all. The person is
totally asymptomatic. They look,
act, and feel just like everyone
else. However, during this
period the person is infectious
and can infect other people.
Their risky body fluids are
contagious.
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What tests are used to
detect HIV?
A. HIV can be detected with 2 different types of blood
tests.
B. The ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay)
test is done first, and is repeated if it comes back
positive for HIV.
C. The Western Blot Test is then used if there are at least
2 positive ELISA test results. It is a more accurate and
specific, but more expensive test.
D. Combined the two test results are about 99% accurate.
E. There is a saliva test for HIV, but it must be followed
up by blood testing to assure accuracy.
F. HIV often will not show up on these tests for the first
6 weeks to 6 months after exposure.
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HIV and AIDS Treatment
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A. There is no cure for HIV or AIDS.
B. Early diagnosis is very important.
C. HIV and AIDS patients must practice very good
health and hygiene habits. They must have good
general health maintenance.
D. There is no vaccine for HIV or AIDS yet.
E. There are several drugs that are used to slow down
the spread of HIV once it enters the immune
systems. These include AZT (azidothymidine),
Protease Inhibitors, and Reverse Transcriptase
Inhibitors.
Protease inhibitors decrease virus replication,
decrease viral load, and increase T-Cells. AZT and
DDI make it harder for HIV to enter T-cells.
F. There are several drugs used to prevent and treat
the opportunistic infections that occur. These
include anti-viral drugs and antibiotics.
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HIV and AIDS Treatment
G. The cost for drugs for an average HIV or
AIDS patient can be more than $10,000 per
month.
H. Most HIV and AIDS patients are encouraged
to get help from counselors and support
groups.
I. People with HIV and AIDS must get regular
medical check ups and care.
J. They must have regular lab tests, including T4 cell counts, P24 antigen and antibody tests
(P24 is produced by HIV), and Beta-2 Micro
globulin Tests (they show cellular death).
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The “Safe Sex” Message
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A. There is no such thing as “safe sex”,
only safer sex.
B. Condoms are not 100% effective,
and can break, leak, and slip off.
C. In actual use by teenagers, condoms
may only be 40 to 60% effective.
D. You are gambling with your life if
you think that condoms will totally
100% protect you. However, if you are
not going to practice abstinence no
matter what, then you should use a
condom every time you have any type
of sexual contact.
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Some Truths About HIV and
AIDS
A. Chlorine bleach can kill HIV outside the
body.
B. HIV does not last very long outside the
human body.
C. Nothing can kill HIV inside the human body.
D. Nonoxynol 9 spermicide will damage cellfree HIV outside of the immune system.
E. HIV has never been transmitted by saliva,
sweat or tears.
F. Very few health care workers have been
infected with HIV from patients. Most that do
get stuck with needles or scalpels that have
infected blood on them.
G. It is 100% safe to donate blood.
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Some Truths About HIV and
AIDS
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H. Most blood transfusions are safe. The blood
supply at hospitals and at the American Red
Cross has been tested for HIV several times
before it is used.
I. Only one case of HIV has been transmitted in
sports, at a soccer game in South America
after a severe head to head collision between
two players.
J. It is against State and Federal law to
discriminate against someone because of
their HIV or AIDS status in education,
housing, employment, insurance, or medical
care.
K. The basic facts and science about HIV and
AIDS has not changed since it was identified
in 1981.
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Some Terminology to Remember
About HIV/AIDS
A. Heterosexual – male and female relationship
B. Homosexual – same sex relationship (gay or
lesbian)
C. Bisexual – relationships with both sexes
D. Antibodies – substances in the blood
produced by the immune system. They
destroy germs and organisms that enter the
body.
E. Blood Transfusion – the injection of blood
into another person.
F. Immune System – a body system that fights
germs that enter the body.
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Terminology
G. Incubation Period – the time period between
when a person first becomes infected with a
germ and the appearance of disease
symptoms.
H. Monogamous – a relationship in which the
two people have sex only with each other.
They have no other partners.
I. Transmission – passing from one person to
another person.
J. Virus – a microscopic organism that
produces disease. There are no cures for
viruses.
K. PWA – People With AIDS or Person With AIDS
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Terminology
L. HIV Positive – this means that the person has
tested positive for HIV in their blood stream
and immune system. They are able to
transmit the virus to other people, they are
asymptomatic, and they will eventually
develop AIDS and die.
M. Asymptomatic – without signs or symptoms.
N. T 4 Lymphotrophic Cell – one of the helper
cells in the immune system that helps the
body fight off diseases and infections.
O. Donating Blood – having some of your blood
taken out of you. You can not get HIV or AIDS
from donating blood.
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HIV/AIDS Problems
A. Many HIV and AIDS patients can not afford
good health care or the medications.
B. Many HIV and AIDS patients are poor and
have no health insurance.
C. Many HIV and AIDS patients are in poor
health, practice poor health habits (drugs,
alcoholism, tobacco use, poor nutrition, poor
fitness, poor living conditions, poor hygiene)
D. There is no cure or vaccine for HIV or AIDS.
E. Tests for HIV are not 100% accurate. There
are false positives and false negatives.
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HIV/AIDS Problems
F. Some people who are HIV positive or who
have AIDS become depressed, mentally ill,
and suicidal.
G. Some schools, churches, organizations,
businesses, employers, and communities still
discriminate against people with HIV and
AIDS, even though it is illegal.
H. Many schools still do not teach about
abstinence, HIV/AIDS or STD’s
I. Many adults (including many teachers and
health care workers) still do not know the
basic facts about HIV and AIDS.
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HIV/AIDS Problems
J. Many people feel that the government does
not spend enough money on AIDS research;
others feel that we spend too much on such a
preventable disease.
K. Some people believe that people with AIDS
deserve their disease and that they deserve
to die.
L. Many PWA’s still lose their jobs because of
employers and/or customers fears.
M. It is nearly impossible for PWA’s to get and/or
keep health and life insurance.
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HIV/AIDS Problems
N. Many doctors and dentists refuse to treat
PWA’s. This is actually against the
Hippocratic Oath the doctors are supposed to
follow.
O. Drug and alcohol abuse, sharing needles,
frequent sex, and high risk/unprotected sex
all contribute to the spread of HIV and AIDS
among teens and college age people.
P. Millions of people are infected and do not
know it, and their sexual partners do not
know it either.
Q. Some PWA’s lose child custody, have trouble
finding places to live, and are rejected by
their partners, families and friends.
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The History of HIV/AIDS
A.
B.
C.
D.
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AIDS was first conclusively identified in the
United States in 1981, when 189 cases were
reported to the CDC.
Gay men and IV drug users were dying in
the New York City and San Francisco areas
from rare cancers and a rare type of
pneumonia. The doctors did research and
identified the syndrome.
It was originally called GRID (Gay Related
Immune Disorder).
In 1982 the CDC renamed it AIDS and
declared it an epidemic.
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The History of HIV/AIDS
E. In 1984, HIV was identified in Paris, France at
the Pasteur Clinic, and in Atlanta at the CDC.
F. Earlier possible cases may have existed:
1979 A nurse in Africa died of what appears to
be AIDS. She was exposed to blood from
patients with unusual infections and immune
system problems.
1952 Some men who died of pneumocystis
pneumonia and kaposis sarcoma in England
may have had AIDS. Scientists have found
cells that are similar to HIV in the men’s
preserved tissues.
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The History of HIV/AIDS
G. In March of 1985 the American Red
Cross began testing the blood supply
for HIV. They probably should have
started doing this earlier.
H. Patient Zero: A homosexual male flight
attendant named Gaton De`Gas
probably helped to spread HIV from
Europe to the United States. He was
infected with HIV, and had hundreds of
male and female sexual partners in the
late 70’s and early 80’s in New York
and California. He has died of AIDS.
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The History of HIV/AIDS
So Where Did AIDS Come From?
A. The monkeys gave it to us: very unlikely.
HIV is not transmitted by bites. Monkeys
also get SIV, not HIV.
B. A Plague From God: unlikely, ask your
minister/pastor/priest/rabbi about this
possibility.
C. Germ Warfare: unlikely, too many people
from too many different demographic
groups are infected world wide.
if appropriate
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The History of HIV/AIDS
D. The virus has always been here:
This is probably true. Most experts believe that
HIV had been present in Africa, Europe and the
United States for decades or longer before the
earliest cases of AIDS appeared.
3 things happened:
1. The virus mutated and became more infectious.
2. Sexual promiscuity (homosexual and
heterosexual) along with IV drug use became
more common in the 1970’s and early 1980’s.
3. Doctors and the media did not know what the
syndrome was when the first AIDS cases
appeared and they were slow to get prevention
information out to the general public.
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The History of HIV/AIDS
1. We will never know how many people in the
world may have died from AIDS before the
1980’s.
2. Why do we ask where did AIDS came from?
Does it matter?
Do we ask where cancer, strep throat,
influenza, or mononucleosis comes from?
3. Remember, the basic facts about HIV and
AIDS have not changed since 1981.
4. Myths are easy to believe, truths are tough to
follow.
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How diseases are
transmitted
How do infections occur?
1. Indirect Contact: objects,
coughing, airborne
2. Direct Contact: contact with fluids,
tissues, the infectious agent
3. Vector Transmission: bites
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The Diseases of
Concern Today:
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1. Herpes Simplex 2
A virus spread by direct contact.
2. Meningitis:
A virus or bacteria spread by direct, indirect and
airborne contact.
3. Tuberculosis:
A bacteria spread by airborne, direct and indirect
contact.
4. Hepatitis A , B and C:
A virus spread by direct and indirect contact.
5. HIV/AIDS:
A virus spread by direct and indirect contact.
6. HPV (Human Papilloma Virus)
A virus spread by direct and indirect contact.
7. Chlamydia:
A bacteria spread by direct and indirect contact.
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HIV and AIDS World
Statistics
Total # of people living with HIV/AIDS
in the world = 40 Million
Adults = 37 million
Children = 2.5 million
People newly infected with HIV in
2003 = 5 million
14, 000 people become infected
each day in the world.
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HIV/AIDS World
Statistics
Total AIDS deaths in 2003 = 3 million
At the end of 2003:
There are 25.0 – 28.2 million adults and children living
with HIV/AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa.
There are 4.6 – 8.2 million adults and children living
with HIV/AIDS in South and South-East Asia.
There are 1.3 – 1.9 million adults and children living
with HIV/AIDS in Latin America.
There are 1.2 – 1.8 million adults and children living
with HIV/AIDS in Eastern Europe and Central Asia.
There are 790,000 – 1.2 million adults and children
living with HIV/AIDS in North America.
There are between 2 and 3 million adults and children
living with HIV/AIDS in North Africa, the Middle
East, the Caribbean, Western Europe, and
Australia/New Zealand.
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HIV/AIDS Statistics in
Kentucky
As of June 30, 2003:
Total AIDS cases in Kentucky (both
living and deceased) = 3,948
Total people living with AIDS in
Kentucky = 2113
Total Deaths from AIDS in
Kentucky = 1835
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HIV/AIDS Statistics for
Boyd, County, Kentucky
As of June 30, 2003:
Total cumulative AIDS diagnoses in
Boyd County = 49
Total people living with AIDS in
Boyd County = 33
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HIV/AIDS Statistics for
FIVCO Health Department
Region
Total AIDS Diagnoses in
FIVCO Region (Boyd,
Lawrence, Carter, Greenup,
Lewis counties) from 1982 –
2003 = 71 cases
This represents 2 % of the
total cases in Kentucky.
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HIV/AIDS Statistics in
the United States
Total AIDS cases in the United States 1982
– 2002 = 886,575
Adult and adolescent cases = 877,275,
while children account for 9300 cases.
Males account for 718,002 cases and
females account for 159,271 cases.
There have been 501,669 deaths from
AIDS in the United States.
There were about 375,606 people living
with AIDS in the United States at the end
of 2002.
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Sources of Information
www.cdc.gov
www.who.org
www.aids.com
www.aids.org
www.aidsquilt.org
Holt Health Textbook Chapter 23
www.niaid.nih.gov
www.cdc.gov/mmwr
www.cdcnpin.org
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Final Thoughts:
1 out of 2 teens has had sexual intercourse by
age 16.
1 out of 4 teens has had sexual intercourse by
age 15.
1 in 8 ninth graders have already had 4 or more
sexual partners.
1 in 4 high school seniors have had 4 or more
sexual partners.
1 in every 5 cases of AIDS diagnosed in the
United States occurs in the 20 – 29 year old
age group. It takes 8 – 11 years for AIDS to
develop after HIV infection occurs.
WHO IS AT RISK?????????
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