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Unit 3: Social Inequality Ch 8: Social Stratification Ch 9: Inequalities of Race and Ethnicity Ch 10: Inequalities of Gender and Old Age Ch 8 – Social Stratification • Social stratification • The creation of layers (or ______) of people who ____________________ of scarce resources (ex. Income, wealth, power, + prestige). • Each layer in the social stratification system is a social class (a segment of society whose members hold ____________ of resources + shared values, norms, + an identifiable lifestyle). • The # of social classes a society has varies. • Most _______________ have 3 broad classes (upper, middle, + lower) subdivided into smaller categories. • Some societies may only have __. • The political + • _________ observed the plight of the workers economic during the Industrial Revolution + wrote The ramifications _____________________ (along w/ Friedrich of social Engels) in response. stratification • He believed that history was an ongoing struggle b/w the ______ – the haves vs. the have nots. • _______________ controlled the legal, educational, economic, + gov.’t systems. They used those systems to maintain or their power. • He believed that the ___________ (the proletariat) would rise up against the _________ (the bourgeoisie) in a violent revolution. These violent revolutions would continue until eventually the capitalist system would by _________ + everyone would work for the benefit of society + share in its ______________. • His ideas led to the rise of _________ + he became known as the father of communism (+ socialism). • Communist countries today – China, Vietnam, Laos, North Korea + Cuba. • Extremes in • Income is the amount of $ __________ income + wealth an individual or group over a specific in the US time period. • It’s what you _______. • Wealth is the total amount of economic resources _________ a person or group. • It’s what you _______. * In new edition • In 2004, approximately __ mil Americans were living in poverty (more than ___%), but there were only about _____ mil millionaires + 341 billionaires. • The richest 20% of American households received over __% of the nation’s income + the lowest 20% received less than 4%. • Income inequality is ____________! • The top __% of Americans have ___% of the total wealth. • Power + prestige • Power is the ability to _______________ of others, even against their will. • Not always related to ____. • Can come from knowledge, fame, social position, leadership abilities, etc… • Prestige is the recognition, respect, + admiration attached to ______________. • Defined by one’s culture + society. • Must be _____________ – cannot be taken. • Social positions that are considered the most important have the most ______ – in America it’s often those positions that accumulate _______ + power b/c they are valued highly w/in our society, but ____________. (Ex. priests or ministers). Is it an example of wealth, power, or prestige? _________ 1. Mr. Chamblee’s Swiss bank account _________ 2. Anna Rose is voted “Most Likeable” _________ 3. A politician giving in to the interests of a lobby _________ 4. Ms. Griggs wins the Teacher of the Year award _________ 5. Mr. Bowen’s stock market holdings _________ 6. A Supreme Court ruling _________ 7. The respect given to Officer Hill _________ 8. A wife makes her husband carry her purse End Section 1 • Explanations of stratification: The functionalist theory • Believes stratification guarantees that the most ____________ fill the most ________________, that they perform their tasks competently, + that they are rewarded for their efforts. • They recognize that _________ exits b/c certain jobs are more important than others + those jobs often require __________ +/or training. • Explanations of stratification: The conflict theory • Believes _______________ b/c some people are willing to ________ others. • So they believe stratification occurs more b/c of ______ than b/c most people willingly accept it. • More accepting of Marx’s ideas about ___________. • People who own the means of production are able to spread their ______________ through schools, churches, the gov.’t, the media, etc… • False consciousness refers to the working-class _________ of those ideas + values. • Explanations of • Believes people are _______________ stratification: the existing stratification structure. The symbolic • We are taught to believe that a person’s interactionism ________ is a result of talent + effort. theory So those on the top _______________ + those on the bottom deserve to be there as well. • So we shouldn’t ___________ the system. • This can often result in people at the ________________ from self-esteem + those at the top have self-esteem. • Goes back to the lookingglass self (your image of yourself based on what you believe others think of you). End Section 2 • Social classes • Class consciousness is a sense of identification w/ the goals + interests of a social class. in the US • Never __________________ in the US. • Changeable + full of exceptions. • The Upper Class – ____% of pop. • Upper-upper class or “_________” – old $, _________________ • Lower-upper class – new $, _________, may have more $ than upper-upper, but still not accepted into the more exclusive groups. • The Middle Class – _________% of pop. • Upper-middle class – (14%) successful in business, politics, military, etc… Can live well + save $, are usually __________ ________, + often active in voluntary + political organizations. • Middle-middle class – (30%) _________ group. Includes small business owners, low-level managers, teachers, cops, etc… Earn around the national ___________. • The Working Class - _____% of pop. • “Lower-middle class” includes truck drivers, machine operators, clerical workers, etc… Paid ____________. Have below average income + _______________. Generally lack medical insurance + retirement benefits. Worry about illnesses + unemployment. Except for ______, not likely to belong to organizations. Rarely enter the ______________. • The Working Poor – ____% of pop. • People employed in ___________ w/ the lowest pay who don’t earn enough to get out of _________. Include manual laborers, fast-food workers, etc… Often lack steady employment. Rarely belong to organizations or participate in politics. • The Underclass – ____% of pop. • People who are usually unemployed + often come from families w/ a history of ______________. Either work part-time menial jobs or are on public assistance. Lack education + skills. Commonly have physical + mental _________. Many are single mothers w/ little or no income. • Can be born into working poor or underclass or come into them w/ _______, loss of a spouse, lack of education or training, addiction, or through acquiring a ___________. • Very difficult to ______________. Social classes people selfidentified with. End Section 3 • What is poverty? * In new edition • Absolute poverty is the absence of enough $ to secure ____________________. • Relative poverty is a measure of poverty based on the _______________ b/w those at the bottom of a society + the rest of the society. • In other words, it’s how poor a person feels by _________________ to others in their society. • Relative poverty ___________ from one society to another (ex. US vs. Nigeria or even the poorest person in a _______ neighborhood). • The US gov.’t measures poverty by setting an _________________ that anyone making less than would be considered poor. • In 2004, the poverty line for a family of 4 was $_______ + _____% of Americans were living in poverty. • Identifying the poor • Groups most likely to be poor are _____________ households, children, the elderly, people w/ ___________, + people who live alone or w/ nonrelatives. • Approx. ___% of the poor are white; however, only about 7.5% of whites are poor, compare w/ 23% of blacks and Latinos. • So although blacks + Latinos only make up about ¼ of Americans, they make up about ½ of the poor. • Children under 6 yrs old make up _________ of all age groups living in poverty at around 22%. • Women have become ________________ to live in poverty since the 1960s as well. The trend of women + children making up an increasing proportion of the poor is known as the feminization of poverty. • Why is this occurring? • B/c women _______ then men, those w/ kids find it harder to keep longterm employment, + a lack of good ___________. • Fighting poverty • The US didn’t really begin _______ _______ until the mid-1960s under President Lyndon Johnson’s “_____ _________” programs. • Most American programs fighting poverty focus on ______________ through youth opportunity programs + work experience programs. • Some programs have been criticized for _______ + fears that they’re causing people to become _______ upon the gov.’t to help them longer than needed. End Section 4 • Social mobility • The movement of people b/w ________________. • Horizontal mobility involves changing from one job to another in the _________________ (ex: soldier to teacher, waitress to cashier, etc…). • Vertical mobility involves ____________________ ___________ in job status or social class • When vertical mobility takes place over a ____________, it’s called intergenerational mobility. • In a caste system (a stratification structure that _____________ for social mobility – a closed-class system) social status is _______ + can’t be changed through individual effort. Careers choices + interactions w/ people of other castes are _______. One doesn’t ________ outside their caste. • Ex. include South Africa under apartheid (castes based on ____) + India (castes based on _______________ according to the Hindu religion). • In a _________________ individuals can move b/w classes + their social class is based on merit + effort. Is it an example of intergenerational, vertical, or horizontal mobility ? _________ 1. A paramedic becomes a fireman _________ 2. A businessman is laid off and becomes a waiter _________ 3. A factory worker becomes a the manager _________ 4. The daughter of a janitor becomes a professor _________ 5. A highly decorated general is elected governor _________ 6. A doctor quits medicine and becomes a trucker _________ 7. A taxi driver whose father was an executive _________ 8. A cop’s wife quits teaching to become aEndnurse Section 5 Ch 9 and 10 Quiz • Ch 9 – Inequalities of Race and Ethnicity Minorities • • Groups of people w/ physical or cultural traits different from those of the ___________________ in the society. • In sociology, it is NOT necessarily a group that makes up a __________________________. Ex: • __________ are a minority. • In South Africa, _______ are a minority. Key features of minorities: • Distinctive physical or cultural characteristics which can ________________ from the majority. • ________ by the majority – it has a lesser share of the society's desired goods, services, + privileges. • Often believed by the majority to be _________ often used to justify discrimination. • Have a common sense of identity w/ strong group ___________. • The majority determines who is in the minority through ______________ – so they • Race • People sharing certain ______________________ characteristics that are considered important w/in a society. • Biologists use characteristics like _______, eye color, hair color, ___________, facial features, head form, + height to determine race. • The most common system classifies races into 3 major categories: Caucasian, ___________, + Negroid. • There is NO such thing as a “______” race. Genetic markers typical of one race show up in other races quite ____________. Most scientists consider racial classifications arbitrary + _____________. • Also, __________ is only determined by about 6 genes while ________ is controlled by dozens of genes. So… a 5’7” white woman may be more ______________ to a 5’7” black woman than to a 5’1” white woman. • ______________ + characteristics that relate to race are more important than physical differences for sociologists. • Ethnic minorities • Groups indentified by cultural, religious, or national characteristics. • So they are __________ defined by their language, religion, values, beliefs, norms, + customs. • So _________ characteristics define racial minorities + _________ differences define ethnic minorities. • Though part of the larger culture, they’re also separate b/c the ethnic majority puts up barriers to _______________ +/or b/c the minority wishes to _______ its cultural + national origins. • Ethnocentrism is judging others in terms of one’s own ________________. It creates feelings of “us” vs. “them”. Can lead to prejudice + discrimination. End Section 1 • Patterns of assimilation • • • Minority groups are either _______ (leading to assimilation) or ________ (leading to conflict). Assimilation is the _________ of minority groups into the dominant society. The minority groups are given full ______________ in all aspects of the society. In the US, assimilation has been Anglo-conformity, melting pot, cultural pluralism, + accommodation. • _______________is the most prevalent pattern of assimilation in the US. (Anglo meaning “of _______ descent”). This involves minorities accepting traditional Anglo values + customs. • __________ b/c minorities are required to conform. • “Melting pot” is when all ethnic + racial minorities __________________________. • Common myth in many US history textbooks. • Cultural pluralism is when cultures exist side by side + maintain a ______________________________. • More like a “tossed salad”. • Accommodation is when a minority maintains its own culturally unique way of life + accommodates the majority culture ____________________. • Ex. The Amish • Patterns of conflict • 3 main ways in which dominant cultures have __________ minority groups: 1. Genocide – The systematic effort to destroy an _____________ (Ex. The Nazi efforts to kill off Jews during The Holocaust). 2. __________________ – When a minority is forced to move to a remote location or to leave the territory controlled by the majority (Ex. American Indians forced to move on to reservations). 3. Subjugation – Process by which a minority group is _______________ to the benefits of a society. This is the most common pattern of conflict. 2 types: • De jure segregation is denial of equal access based on ___________ (Ex. Segregation of US schools prior to Brown vs. The Board of Education). • De facto segregation is denial of equal access based on ________________ (Ex. Refusing to hire a minority as an executive). End Section 2 • • Prejudice, stereotypes, racism, + discrimination • • • • • • • Prejudice is widely held negative or positive ________ toward a group (minority or majority) + its individual members. • __________________. • Although your book only says negative attitudes, prejudice can include positive attitudes as well. Prejudice is a generalization based on biased or ___________________. These attitudes come from strong emotions, so they’re difficult to change, even when faced w/ overwhelming __________________. • When people meet someone who doesn’t fit in to their stereotypes, they usually believe that person is the exception to the rule instead of ________________________. People tend to be prejudice in favor of those they see as __________________ + against those they see as different. A stereotype is an oversimplified, hard to change way of seeing people who belong to _______________. Racism is an extreme form of prejudice that assumes _____________ of one group over others. So racists believe that discrimination +/or exclusion is justified b/c of their own superiority. Discrimination is the _____________ of members of certain groups. Prejudice is an attitude + discrimination is an ______. A person may be prejudice, but not discriminate. Also, a person may discriminate (due to something like social pressure) but not be prejudice. • Why do prejudice • + discrimination exist? • • • Hate crimes • • • Functionalists stress how ethnocentrism (which leads to prejudice + discrimination) helps hold the _______ ________________. Conflict theorists stress the _________ b/w various groups for power - even b/w minorities. Symbolic interactionists stress how certain words or symbols can _________________________ (Ex. to “blacklist” someone or give them a “black eye”) or how minorities may begin to believe negative stereotypes which can lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy (having an expectation that leads to behavior that then causes the expectation to ___________________). Criminal acts that are motivated by extreme _____________. ________________ someone based on race, religion, sexual orientation, national origin, or ancestry. People who commit hate crimes have vocabularies filled w/ demeaning stereotypes that attempt to __________________ against their victims. End Section 3 • Institutionalized discrimination • ______________ that grow out of common behaviors/attitudes + are a part of the _____________________. • May or may not be ___________. • Intentional ex: Many realtors used to steer prospective minority homeowners to certain neighborhoods + away from others. • Unintentional ex: Many urban areas are predominately made up of minorities (especially blacks) + b/c they don’t average as high a wage as predominately white suburbanites, their schools receive ______ $, so many of those minority children have to attend schools w/ fewer resources. • How has • institutionalized discrimination affected different minorities? Blacks: Barriers include skin color + features which make it ____________ people of this minority + America’s history of slavery + segregation which have contributed to a _____ ________ for many creating an underclass (people typically unemployed who come from families that have been poor for generations). • The average black family earns ____% of what the average white family earns. • Are also much more likely to work in __________ service jobs. • Have approximately _______ as high unemployment rate which doesn’t even factor in the hidden unemployment (unemployment that includes people who have become _________ + given up looking for a job + part-time workers who want full-time jobs) which would the gap even more. • The high school graduation rate was 77% (84% for whites) + college was 15% (25% for whites) in 1999. • Although still widely ______________, blacks have made major gains in the last 50 yrs in professional, technical, + political careers. • • • • Latinos (ethnic minorities from ______________ including Mexico, Central America, South America + the Caribbean): They are the largest + _____________ minority in the US. • Just over ½ have completed ______________. • Many work in low-paying, low-status jobs. • Are becoming much more ______________. American Indians: There are over 2 mil consisting of about ______ separate tribes + bands which makes them a much more ___________________ than most people realize. • Over ¼ live below the ____________. • Lowest graduation rate. • Lowest annual _________. • About ¼ of Indians live on ___________. Poverty + lack of education are about twice as bad for Indians who live on reservations as for those who do not. Asian Americans: Most ____________________ minority due in large part to their use of the educational system for upward mobility. • ______% have completed college. ________________ (includes descendents from Eastern + Southern Europe) typically blue-collar workers in large eastern US cities. Tend to favor more integration + _____ support of the poor. Don’t typically experience the _____________ affecting other minorities. End Section 4 Ch 10 – Inequalities of Gender and Old Age • How gender shapes us • A person’s sex is his/her classification as male or female based on _____________________. • Biological determinism is the belief that _________ _____________ are the result of inherited physical characteristics. • So if men are believed to be more intelligent + women more emotional b/c of their sex, this would need to be true in __________ in order to be correct. • However, significant behavior differences b/w men + women haven’t been causally linked to biological characteristics. Though biology may create some behavioral tendencies in the sexes, they are so weak that they’re easily overridden by ________________________. • Our gender identity is ____________ of being masculine or feminine, based on our ________. • Research indicates that male + female brains are __________________ in structure. Ex. Women are more likely to use both halves of their brain at the same time + show more activity in the newer more highly developed region of the brain thought to be linked to _____________________. • Most sociologists believe that ___________ _______ isn’t primarily the result of biology, but of culture + socialization. • Researchers often look at how men + women are different instead of how similar they are. End Section 1 • Sociological views of gender roles • Functionalism: Believes that any pattern of behavior that ______________________ will become unimportant. Division of male/female responsibilities used to be ____________ back when humans hunted + gathered (men were bigger + stronger, + so were better hunters – they were also more expendable). Today, traditional division of labor b/w men + women has created ____________ (problems). • Conflict Theory: Men ______ by keeping women politically, economically, + socially __________. • Symbolic Interactionism: Focuses on how boys + girls learn to act the way they are “_________ ___”. The social process of learning to act as a boy or a girl is called gender socialization. Gender is acquired in large part from interaction w/ ______, teachers, peers, + mass media. • Children are given gender specific ____________________. • Studies show that girls are __________, talked to more, + handled more gently than boys. Boys are expected to be more assertive + discouraged from ________. • Teachers also (often inadvertently) encourage boys to be more __________ __________ + girls to be more passive. • Peers reinforce gender roles by typically giving ________________ to those who exemplify traditional gender roles (Ex. Boys as football players + girls as cheerleaders). End Section 2 • Sexism in the workplace • Sexism is a set of beliefs, attitudes, norms + values used to ________________________. • Attempts to justify men’s leadership + power positions. • Although women are more active in the labor force, they are concentrated in ___________ occupations. This is known as occupational sex segregation. For ex, women occupy almost all “_________” jobs (such as secretaries, clerks, stenographers) whose job it is to support those higher up the occupational ladder. • Even in ___________ jobs, women typically in the lower-prestige, lower-paid jobs. • For every dollar a man makes, a woman averages about _________. This is known as the gender wage gap. • Over 1/3 of the gap is due to the differences in _____________________. • Ex: Many women leave the labor force to start a family. • Less than 1/3 of the gap is due to the ______ _____________ of men + women in certain positions (meaning more men tend to be employed in higher level positions). • Over 1/3 of the gap is due to ____________. Ratified --- Red Ratified, then rescinded ---- Yellow Ratified in 1 house of legislature --- Green Not ratified --- Blue • The ERA (Equal Rights Amendment) would have assured that women enjoyed the same rights + protections __________. It passed in Congress in 1972, but Conservatives feared that it disrupt America’s ____________ + launched a Stop-ERA campaign. The amendment was _____________ by enough states. • Some ___________________ have been passed however. • In addition, women + minorities have greater difficulties in getting _____ ___________. This invisible barrier that obstructs their advancement up the _____________ is known as the glass ceiling. End Section 3 • Ageism • A set of beliefs, attitudes, norms, + values used to ________________ prejudice + discrimination. • Age stratification is the unequal distribution of ___________________ based on age. • Age can be an advantage or disadvantage for any group, but sociologists are particularly interested in studying the inequality among _________. As America’s median age is , this affects ______________. • Sociological views of ageism • Functionalism: Believes that elderly people in a society are ______________________ they play in that society. Ageism isn’t an issue in _____________. In some societies, w/ age comes respect + the view that they have much knowledge to share. W/ ____________, the elderly are often _______ b/c they are seen as no long contributing to the common good through work + b/c change occurs so quickly, younger workers are more likely to possess the _____________ needed in the workplace. • Conflict Theory: Ageism is used to _____ the elderly (thus making them a __________). By stereotyping the elderly as intellectually dull, inflexible, + unproductive, younger people benefit in the __________________ against older workers + employers can pay them ____ than older workers. • Symbolic Interactionism: Like racism, ageism is _____. Stereotypes are created + through _______________________, children learn ageism. End Section 4 • Economics of the elderly • _________ among the elderly is difficult to measure b/c of several factors: • They have to spend proportionally more on ___________________, but the federal gov.’t assumes they require less $ to live (thus, _________________). • Many are “near poor” – ____________. • The “_________” are older people who either live in institutions or w/ relatives b/c they can’t ________ to live alone. • Also, the median income is distorted by the fewer older people w/ __________. • Older people who are a racial or ethnic minority are ________ to be poor than white older people. • Elderly women are __________ to be poor as men, particularly those who aren’t ________. • Politics + the elderly • The older Americans get, the more likely they are to ____. However, they are a very diverse population + don’t vote as a bloc, even on issues directly related to them. • This _____________ weakens their political power, but as their #s , they may become an ________________________. • Some interest groups have formed to assist the elderly such as the AARP (___________________ ____________). Interest groups are organizations formed to influence political decision making. End Section 5