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The Animal Kingdom Bio 100 Tri-County Technical College Pendleton, S. C. 29670 General Features of Animals • Movement of the entire animal or movement of a part of the animal. • Heterotrophic mode of nutrition • Soft Bodies • Respond quickly and appropriately to changes in their environment • Sexual reproduction • Some few animals reproduce asexually and sexually. • Eucaryotic cells • No cell walls • Multicellular forms organized into tissues, organs, and organ systems Asexual vs. Sexual Reproduction • Asexual reproduction – some part of the animal body detaches and grows into an exact duplicate of the parent – no variation • Sexual reproduction – union of egg and sperm results in an organism that is similar to parents but not exactly like them Temperature Regulation • Ectotherms – body temperature varies – “cold-blooded” – reptiles • Endotherms – maintain a constant body temperature – “warm-blooded” – mammals Body Symmetry • Asymmetry – no regular body form – sponges • Radial symmetry – “pie” symmetry • Bilateral symmetry – one plane divides the body into two halves that are mirror images of each other Tubular Bodies • Most animals with bilateral symmetry – body structure composed of 3 layers – tube within a tube – outer tube • muscles and nerves – inner tube • digestive system with a mouth at one end and an anus at the other Coelomate vs. Acoelomate • coelom – body cavity between the two tubes • coelomate animals have a coelom – advanced animals: earthworms, insects, reptiles, birds, and mammals • acoelomate, pseudocoelomate – do not have coelom – simple animals: jellyfish and flatworms Vertebrate vs. Invertebrate • Invertebrate – don’t have a backbone – invertebrate phyla: Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata • Vertebrate – have a back bone (vertebral column – vertebrate phylum: Chordata (Vertebrata) THE ANIMAL KINGDOM Phylum Porifera • • • • the sponges water circulates through the body marine and freshwater forms adults are anchored to something – sessile pattern of existence • most exhibit radial symmetrical • no true tissues Phylum Cnidaria • hydras, jellyfish, sea anemones, and coral reef • radial symmetry • tentacles and stinging cells • marine mostly • incomplete digestive tract Phylum Platyhelminthes • • • • • • flatworms--prefix “platy” means flat bilateral symmetry no body cavity incomplete digestive system planaria, tapeworms, and flukes some cause human disease: tapeworms and flukes Phylum Nematoda • • • • • • • roundworms cuticle covered body pseudocoelom complete digestive tract-mouth and anus some parasites and some free-living pinworm disease in humans plant root nematodes Phylum Mollusca • • • • • • • muscular foot for locomotion many have a calcium carbonate shell complete digestive tract have a true body cavity body is not segmented clams, squids, snails many use gills for respiration Phylum Annelida • • • • • • segmented worms body segmentation complete digestive tract true body cavity bilateral symmetry earthworms and leeches Phylum Arthropoda • • • • • bilateral symmetry tough exoskeleton segmented: head, thorax, and abdomen joint-legged insects, spiders, crustaceans, centipedes, and millipedes • tremendous numbers Phylum Echinodermata • • • • • • • spiny-skinned animals no body segmentation larval stages bilaterally symmetrical adults radially symmetrical water vascular system--tube feet endoskeleton under spiny skin starfish and sea urchins Phylum Chordata • • • • • • • bilateral symmetry segment body with endoskeleton well-developed body cavity single, dorsal nerve cord enlarged anterior end of nerve cord (brain) tail at some stage of development complete digestive system Subphylum Vertebrata • vertebral column to protect spinal cord • movement by muscles attached to endoskeleton • complete digestive system with large digestive glands • ventral heart with 2-4 chambers • blood with RBC’s and WBC’s • well-developed body cavity • paired kidneys with drainage to exterior • general body plan – – – – head trunk 2 pairs of appendages postanal tail Classes of Vertebrates • • • • • • • Class Agnatha -- jawless fishes Class Chondrichthyes -- cartilaginous fishes Class Osteichthyes -- bony fishes Class Amphibia -- amphibians Class Reptilia -- reptiles Class Aves -- birds Class Mammalia: mammals Class Agnatha • “Jawless” fish • Hagfish and lampreys • Some are parasites that suck the blood out of host Class Chondrichthyes • cartilaginous skeleton • sharks, rays, and skates Class Osteichthyes • skeleton made of bone similar to ours • bony fishes Class Amphibia • frogs, newts, and salamanders • made a partial break from water Class Reptilia • turtles, snakes, lizards • made a complete break from water • have lungs and water proofed skin Class Aves • birds • only vertebrates with feathers Class Mammalia • • • • • • have hair over most of the body have mammary glands that produce milk specialized teeth feed newborns with milk hair modified to spines in some mammals 4 chambered heart Mammals, ctd. • Monotremes are egg-laying mammals – Duck-bill platypus one of three existing species – Females do not have nipples • Marsupials are the pouched mammals – Kangaroos, koalas, opossums – Deliver offspring that complete development in pouch • Eutherians (placental mammals…but) – Deliver well-developed offspring