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80/20 rule • • Generally, about 80% of your paper should be your own words, beliefs, opinions, etc. About 20% should come from outside sources. These sources are used for you to argue against (like in the last essay) or more often to back up your points. Already talked about the traditional argument Rogerian Argument • Named after American Psychologists Carl Rogers How it differs from a traditional argument • • • • Based more on negotiation than confrontation Realizes there are many situations in which a less confrontational and less adversarial approach to argument is more effective Reduces conflict Especially effective for arguments that are highly charged emotionally How it differs continued . . . • • Uses logic and evidence, but the primary goal is not to win. It is to open up lines of communication. As Rogers says, “This procedure gradually achieves a mutual communication. Mutual communication tends to be pointed toward solving a problem rather than attacking a person or group.” Cont . . . • Rather than working toward a change in one position, it works toward a change in both positions. The Basics • • Avoids a confrontational stance. The idea here is that threat hinders communication, so we try to avoid it. Character • • Present yourself as someone who can understand and empathize with the opposition. You can show this by restating the opposing position accurately. (Same as a traditional argument). You can also show where and in what circumstances the opposition’s point of view is valid. Establish Common Ground • You indicate the beliefs and values you share with the opposition. Fair statement of you own position • • State your position convincingly, but maintain an image of being fair-minded. The goal is to get the opposition to understand your position as well as you have proven to understand theirs. Be willing to change views • Show where your position is not reasonable and could be modified as well as where the opposition’s position could be modified. Compromise In other words . . . • Your goal is to find a compromise that works for both parties. In the real world . . . • • You’ll probably find that this type of argument works best in many situations. Especially work situations where you have to come to a decision on something as a group. It’s okay to compromise, but to try to give up less than the opposition.