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The Programme for Education in Prisons
Developing Training Programmes for Qualified Teachers to
Teach in Prisons
113991-CP-1-2004-1-MT-GRUNDTVIG-G11
COMMUNICATION
COMMUNICATION may be understood as
passing of:
Information
Emotions
Attitudes
We must fulfil conditions of compatible vaule
orientation at least on the level of partial
similarity to be able sucesfully communicate with
our partner.
VERBAL
cOMMUNICATION
1. SUPLEMENTARY
• Continuous reciprocal levelling informative, emotinal and
experiencial level of exchanged comunication
• Both communicating sustain balance, they strive one ante the
other not to stay behind wtih their experiencies (friendfriend)
2. COMPLEMENTARY
• one person is in directive, dominant position (senior-
inferior)
• both participants recpect such a division of roles, inferior
doesn´t strive to compete with senior dominant partner
• this type of communication is expediential and effectual
when exchanging informations
3. METACOMPLEMENTARY
• Person in dominant position doesn´t use this possibility
and relinguishes it purposely to the other (therapistpatient)
• Here it displays art of hearing
to the other, to keep
silence, to pierce to the problem better and then to find a
solution together
NONVERBAL
COMMUNICATION
•Body moving
•Growling
•Gestures
•Space distance
•Mimicry
•Odour perceptions
•Eyes moving
•Style of clothing
•Quality of voice
•Choice of cosmetics
•Breaks in speach
•Derss colour
•Laughter
•Touches
make 90 – 94% of overall communication proces
SOCIAL
COMMUNICATION
 specific form of social contacts
 it assumes understanding
 of relation ship of individual and social milieu
 it is executed between communionist and
communicator
 communiqué
WHAT AND WHY WE
COMMUNICATE
MOTIVE
Desire for knowledge
Estabilishing of emotional
relationship
Power selfenforcement
CONTENT
Informations
Emotive words, nonverbal
communication prevails
distance, selfconfirmation,
haughitness
Explaining of postures,
frankness, toleration
undrstanding
How we speak with our selfs
Messages
and
informations
Desirable
rules of the
next phase of
meeting
How to
understand
what we are
saying
Attitude to
hearer we
are
speaking
with
How we
are and
how we
feel
Attitude to
the thing we
are speaking
about
A touch of
next course
of our
relationships
Selfconception
- who we
consider us to
be
Ratifictionace,
yourconception –
who I consider
you to be
What we
wish passions
PROCESS of COMMUNICATION
Communication content itself
Colouring of the content (paralinguistic overtone)
Nonverbal attendance (deeds, acts, behavior)
Kinéma (character of communication unfolding)
KOMMUNICATION BARRIERS
Linguistic
Ethnic
Interests
Character
Intellectual
They are uncontrollable differencies between
cummunicating persons.
Communication is the more effective, the more interfacial
areas exist.
When communication is working well in both levels
(relational and contetual. Communicating persons
understand each other well.
It is possible to avoid adverse events when
communicating when we continuously ask back questions
and make our selves certain if our partner understand us
(problem in contentual level).
The Problem in relational level implies that the cause is in
interrupted personal relationship metween communicating
persons.
VERBAL COMMUNICATION
• Eypressing of thouhts with help of symbols.
• These and other paraluinguistic symbols are kind of
legend how to understand content of communication:
Intenzity of voice expression
Voice depth
Voice colour
Lenght of speech
Speech pace
Speech content
Speech segmentation
i
?
A
Role of voice expression
Tone
• Voice colouring – loudness
•
•
•
•
I must not sream – it would sound agressive
Don´t speak too quiet – the hearer woul feel insecure and irresolutely
Don´t speak monotonously –they woul think that you are not serious
Don´t raise your voice in the end of the sentence – in generates an
image of question
• Your voice should be steady – wtih pleasant conversational tone
• When you are sure the voice shoul sound sure
Speed of speech
•
•
•
•
He speaks slowly – either he is deciding or he thinks slowly
He speaks too fast – he is either windbag or he is fulsome
Filling words – sound unprofessionaly and refer about low education
Breaks – when searching for the right word. Breaks provide strenght.
When hearing we can detect some qualities of the
person:
• listen to overtones
• loudness
• stresses laid on certain words
• speech speed
psychopath – speaks usually shortly and vigorously – agressively
psychasthenic – painted speech, tendency to be original upon any terms
Anxioius person – answers like short shots, often only YES or NOT
hysteric person – often changes subject of interwiew, intonation, speaks
affectivly, don´t control him self very well
submissive p. – submits easy agrees, stable and bromidic expressions
neurotic – strays from the point easy, unrest, gesticulation
introvert – speaks not much, thoughtful, closed
extrovert – speaks a lot about possible and also impossible
egoist – speaks a lot about himself; „Me“, „Mine“, „My opinion“
autocrat – he would prefer to rule on his own, continuous dictates, he doesn´t
admit any disscusion
liberal – he behaves indifferently almost to all things, he doesn´t comment
anything
NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION
•Shows emotions and attitudes of people
•Maintaines or weakens veracity of verbal communication
MIMIC – communication through countenance
PROXEMIC – communication through distance
POSTHUROLOGY - physical attitudes, posture
HAPTIC – communicaton through touch
KINEZIC – communication through motions
SPEECH OF EYES AND WIEVS
GESTURES
Gestures of flat hands
Exposed flat hands
Raised finger
Hands across in front of the body
Hands across on leid on the table
Hands across in front of the face
Folded hands
Roof from fingers
Motions of hands over the face
Over mouth and nose
Underpinned head
Finger near to the forehead
Thumb, forefinger
Fingers go over the chin, heas is gently hung, body
towards the partner
Fingers over the foreheas
Touchs of ear, nose, mouth
Crossing of thelimbs
Eye contact
Beware of your eyes were stirring (discursive).
During the interwiew don´t look at the floor or at the ceeling.
We don´t have trust to somebody who cannot look into our eyes.
Keep straight, continuous eyecontact, however it must not threaten.
Acting with threatened people don´t last long.
Look at the person you are speaking to, straight. It looks plumb and
openly.
By observing the pupils good observer can sense emotional motions of
partner.
Posture
Speaks about your current state, mood.
Man in depression is out of hart and body.
Beware of descending your head to the side. It evokes feeling that
you are either insure or servile.
Head can be turned to the side when hearing but not when speaking.
Relevance of your nessage heghtens whne you will be turned
straight to your partner, stand or sit in the proper distance, be gently
bend and hold head up.
Posture when sitting
Deflection backwards from the backrest = vacillation, mistrust or
even aversion
A tilt forwards = effort to communicate, interest
Interpretaion (commentary) of nonverbal signals is nessesary to
maintain without simplification in the whole context of
situation.Somebody has hands behind back not because he is hiding
his plans but because he may stand for a long time and he has a
backache.
If verbal and nonverbal expression don´t fit together we can recognize
the speaker lies (the expression is not truswothy).
Proxemic
Interpersonal zones
Keyhole zone – 15-20 cm
Personal zone – 50-150 cm
Social zone – 1,5-3,5 m
Public zone – more then3,5 m
Haptic
One of the most common social touches is handshaking. It is
of great importance in social contact.
Beware of tapping, claping on the back of communication
partner, it wouln´t need to be pleasant to him.
Touches anywhere else than from shoulder to elbow can
partner in communication sense as sexual undermeaning.
This is not always pleasant to the other.
Mistakes in perception and evaluation of the
others
Hallo effect
First impression
Effect of anchorage
Influence of folk traditions
Current state of observer
Private personal theory
Influence of estetic stereotype
Influence of enviroment, where the appreciation proceeds
Preconception – ethnic, racial, etc.
Mistakes of lenity and severity – tendention to averaging
Factors, that affect our fruitfulness when
judging other people
• ability to perceive, to think and to react accurate and well,
• social perceiving and empathy
• experiencies
• realism in selfwiew and in wiew on the others
• knowledge about personal structure and contexture of it´s influence
• knowledge of observing methods including their stable places
• knowledge of psychologist terminology
• knowledge of principles of social psychology
• ability to connect functional approaches and acting with psychological
knowledge
COMMUNICATION THROUGH DEEDS
Communication through the deed includes not only specific
deeds, but all that has got clear value impact or relationship to
behaving of one or the another communication partner.
Sometimes we use communication better in clear form, with
out verbal part of communication if possible.
Bibliography
ADLER, A. Umění rozumět. Praha, Práh 1993.
BERNE, E. Jak si lidé hrají. Dialog, 1992.
CARNEGIE, D. Jak získávat přátele a působit na lidi. Bradlo,
Bratislava 1991.
Hála,J., Soudková,P. Jak mluví čeští vězni.Příloha Českého
vězeňství č.4/2002
KŘIVOHLAVÝ, J. Jak si navzájem lépe porozumíme.
Svoboda, Praha 1988.
KŘIVOHLAVÝ, J. Povídej naslouchám. Návrat, Praha 1993.
PLAŇAVA, I. Jak to spolu mluvíme. Brno, FF MU 1992.
Bibliography
Burgoon, J. K., Buller, D. B.,Woodall, W. G.: Nonverbal
communication: the unspoken dialogue. New York, Harper
& Row 1989.
Cherry, C.: On Human Communication (2nd ed.).
Massachusetts, The M.I.T. Press 1970.
DeVito, J. A.: Messages: Building interpersonal
communication skills (4th ed.),.NY: Longman 1999.
Fischer, B.A.: Perspecitives on Human Communication.
London, McMillan Publ. Co. 1987.
Gibbon, J.W., Hanna, M.S.: Introduction to human
communication. USA, WBC Wm. C. Brown Publisher 1992.
Griffin, E. M.: A first look at communication theory (2nd
ed.). NY: McGraw-Hill 1994.
Hartley, P.: Interpersonal Communication (2nd.ed). London
– N. York, Routledge 1999.
Knapp, M. L., Miller, G. R., Fudge, K.: Handbook of
interpersonal communication
(2nd Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage 1994.
Littlejohn, S. J.: Theories of human communication (6th
ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth 1998.
Model situation
Through personal experience it is possible to sample:
Ability of practical analysis of different communications
(through work with text and practical simulated situations).
Importance of training
To learn in the terms of personal experience to understand
reactions of the other person, to forsee them and to influence
them by adecvate nonagressive communication
To be able to recognize possible sources of social conflicts
that rise from incorrect identification of formal or informal social
roles.
To evidence ability of prepearing of model situation and it´s
elaboration as a sign of ability to applicate theoretical kowledge
along with obsreving and evaluation of signals verbal and
nonverbal communication
DISCUSSION
Try to find differencies in possibilities of communication
unapprehended and in prison.
Then try to describe an influence of these differencies
on quality of life and mental condition of prisoner.
What do you imagine under active hearing and what is
it´s importance for prisoners.
Summary
Aim of this educational module:
To explain hearers with the fact, how prison enivroment influents ways of
communication, to test practically impact of choice of unsuitable
communication strathegy and our following reactions in concrete saituation,
to learn about transactional analysis in connection with communication, to
find out a level of communication and creative abilities of hearers.
To be able to react sensitively on the signals of verbal and nonverbal
communication and to choose such a communication instrumentsso as to
eliminate as much as possible a danger of inception of agressive acting from
the side of prisoned persons.