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Unit 4 The American Constitution Fill-In-The-Notes OwlTeacher.com Early Government • In the years following the Revolution, Americans thought of themselves as ___________________, not of a common _________________________________. • The United States was not a nation as much as it was a confederation, an ______________________________ that work together. OwlTeacher.com • ________________________________________ _____________________________________. • Individual __________________________ were important during this period. • A constitution is a plan of government that describes the different parts of the government and their duties and powers. • In 1777, the Continental Congress adopted a set of laws to govern the United States. • These laws were called the ________________ ______________________________________. • Approved in 1781, the Articles established a limited national government, in which most of the power lay with ___________________________. OwlTeacher.com The Articles of Confederation Compared and contrasted to today’s national government Today’s National Government • Consists of three branches of government: – The legislative branch, or Congress, is responsible for ____________________________________________. – The executive branch, headed by the President, ____________________________________________. – The judicial branch is made up of the courts and judges who ________________________________________. • The judicial branch forms a national court system. • Congress has the power to _________________. OwlTeacher.com The Articles of Confederation • Consisted of only one branch of government: the legislative branch, or Congress. • Congress carried out the duties of both the legislative and executive branches. • No national court system existed. • __________________________________ __________________________________ _________________________________. OwlTeacher.com Opposition to the Articles • Americans generally agreed that their new nation should be a democracy, a _________________________________. • Specifically, they desired a republic, a government _______________________ their elected representatives. OwlTeacher.com Economic Problems • Huge amounts of public and private debt were creating economic chaos in the new republic. • Many upper-class critics of the Articles felt that this problem was due to __________________________________ _________________________________. OwlTeacher.com Concerns About Weak Government • A group called the ______________ felt that a weak national government could not keep order. • They argued that European history had demonstrated that people were not __________________________________ __________________________________ _________________________________. OwlTeacher.com The Annapolis Convention • In 1786, Nationalists held a conference in Annapolis, Maryland, to discuss economic problems. • Although the conference itself accomplished little, delegates agreed to call _________________ in Philadelphia in 1787. OwlTeacher.com Shays’ Rebellion Causes of Shays’ Rebellion • In order to help pay off its large debts, Massachusetts passed _____________________. • This tax had to be paid in specie, gold or silver coin, rather than paper money. • A group of farmers led by Daniel Shays rebelled against these taxes in a crisis which came to be known as Shays’ Rebellion. • ________________________________________________ _________________________________. • Soon, open conflict raged as angry crowds rioted. OwlTeacher.com Effects of Shays’ Rebellion • Congress had no money to raise an army to counter Shays’ Rebellion. • It also could not force states to pay for one. • The Massachusetts state government raised an army that quieted the rebellion. • __________________________________ __________________________________ _________________________________. OwlTeacher.com The Convention Assembles • In May 1787, delegates from 12 of the 13 colonies met in Philadelphia to try to ____ _________________________________. • This meeting, known as the _________________________, produced the United States Constitution, the document that has governed the United States ____________________________. OwlTeacher.com • One particularly influential delegate at the Constitutional Convention was ___________ ___________________________ of Virginia. • Before the convention, Madison spent a year thinking about how to create a new government. • At the convention, he took detailed notes that would __________________________ of the proceedings. • For his role, he became known as “________ ___________________________________.” OwlTeacher.com Divisions at the Convention • The convention in Philadelphia had been empowered only to amend, or revise, the Articles of Confederation, not to ________ them. • However, __________________________ _________________________________. OwlTeacher.com The Virginia Plan • Proposed a bicameral, or two-house, national legislature • ______________________________________ ______________________________________. • The new legislature would have the power to tax; the right to regulate foreign and interstate commerce; to ______, or prohibit from becoming law, any act of a state legislature; and to use force against a state, should that state defy national authority. OwlTeacher.com The New Jersey Plan • Proposed a unicameral, or one-house, national legislature, and the creation of __________________________________ • Each state would send the same number of representatives to the legislature. • The new legislature would have the right to ________________________________ _________________________________. OwlTeacher.com Reaching Agreements • In the Great Compromise, delegates agreed to __________________________ _________________________________. • One house, the Senate, would have the same number of representatives from each state. • In the other house, the House of Representatives, representation would be based on _________________________. OwlTeacher.com • Another difficult issue was whether or not to include ______________ when determining a state’s population and therefore its representation. • According to the Three-Fifths Compromise, ________________________________________ ________________________________________ _______________________________________. • After further debate, the convention approved the final draft of the United States Constitution on September 17, 1787. • The strengths of the Constitution have helped it endure for more than 200 years. OwlTeacher.com Government Structure Federal and State Powers • The Constitution created a federal system of government, in which power is shared ___________________________________. • In a federal system of government, powers are divided into three categories: – ____________________________________________. – Others are delegated to the federal government only. – Still others, called concurrent powers, are held by both the federal government and state governments. OwlTeacher.com Separation of Federal Powers • Within the federal government, a separation of powers was created to _______________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________. • Each branch has its own area of authority, but no one branch has _____________ over the government. OwlTeacher.com • The Constitution also set up a system of checks and balances, in which ______________________________ ______________________________ _____________________________. • This system prevents the misuse of power by any one branch. OwlTeacher.com Congress, the President, and the Federal Courts Congress • “__________________________________” • Each of the two houses of Congress was granted different powers. • Each was also designed with different methods of election and different term lengths, making the House more receptive to public opinion and the Senate more stable. OwlTeacher.com The President • “__________________________________” • The President would be chosen by a group of electors from each state. • The candidate with the majority of votes in the electoral college, or group of electors, would become President. • The President was granted enormous powers, including the power to veto acts of Congress and to appoint judges for the federal courts. OwlTeacher.com The Federal Courts • “______________________________” • The Constitution calls for one Supreme Court and several lesser courts, although the details of the federal court system were intentionally left vague. • Supreme Court justices would be appointed _____ by the President with the consent of ___________________. OwlTeacher.com The Federalist View • For the Constitution to become law, 9 out of the 13 states had to __________________, or approve, it. • Special conventions called in each state would decide whether or not to ratify the Constitution. • Those who favored the Constitution were called _________________________________. • The Federalists included many Nationalists, such as __________________________________, and ________________, who favored a strong national government. OwlTeacher.com • To make their case for the Constitution, the Federalists wrote a series of 85 essays, collectively known as __________________. • One issue addressed in these essays was that one powerful ______________, or group concerned only with its own interests, could not control the government under the Constitution. OwlTeacher.com The Anti-Federalist View • Those who opposed the Constitution were called ______________________________________. • Anti-Federalists believed that the Federalists’ plan threatened __________________________ __________________________________. • The anti-Federalists included older revolutionary figures such as ___________, people in isolated areas who had less need for a strong national government, and some former Nationalists who wanted a national government but were unhappy with the Constitution. OwlTeacher.com • According to the anti-Federalists, a ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________. • Anti-Federalists also objected to the proposed ___________________________. • While the Federalists feared the _________ more than __________, the anti-Federalists feared _____________________________. OwlTeacher.com Why the Federalists Won • The Federalists had several advantages over the anti-Federalists. • These included: 1. The Federalists drew on the widespread feeling that the Articles of Confederation had serious flaws. 2. The Federalists were a __________________________ group, while the anti-Federalists tended to consist of local politicians who did not coordinate their activities on a national level. 3. The Federalists had ____________________________ _____________________________________________________ ___________________________________. 4. ____________________________________________. OwlTeacher.com • Delaware, New Jersey, and Connecticut quickly ratified the Constitution. • In June 1788, ______________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ _________________________________. OwlTeacher.com For and Against the Bill of Rights For the Bill of Rights • ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ __________________________________. • In September 1789, Congress proposed twelve constitutional amendments, largely drafted by James Madison and designed to protect citizens’ rights. • Ten of these amendments were ratified by the states. • ____________________________________________ _____________________________________. OwlTeacher.com Against the Bill of Rights • Most Federalists saw no need for these amendments. • ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________. • Therefore, the people needed no additional statements to protect their rights. OwlTeacher.com The Bill of Rights 1st Amendment • ___________________________________: – Guarantees freedom of speech – Freedom of the press – Freedom of religion – The right to assemble peacefully – Guarantees that Congress can pass no laws that would restrict those freedoms – The right to complain about whatever they choose to any government official OwlTeacher.com 2nd Amendment • ___________________________________: – The exact meaning is unclear – does it mean everyone has the right to own any kind of gun they want to? – Or does it mean the country has the right to organize a “well regulated Militia” and those people can have guns? – Both Congress and state legislatures have passed laws regulating the private ownership and use of weapons by individuals. OwlTeacher.com 3rd Amendment • ___________________________________: – The result of the constant takeover of citizens’ homes by the British during the Revolutionary War. – Protects individual homes from the military and says that, during peacetime or wartime, “no Soldier shall . . . Be quartered in any house, without the consent of the owner. OwlTeacher.com 4th Amendment • ___________________________________: – Requires the use of search and arrest warrants from a judge to search either a person or a home. – Warrants must be issued by a judge – Warrants must be issued on the basis of probable cause – Warrants must detail what exactly will be searched and where – The Supreme Court has ruled that items seized without a warrant cannot be used in court. OwlTeacher.com 5th Amendment • ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ – Also says that a person cannot be tried for the same crime twice – Says that a person cannot be denied due process of law. – Due process of law – guards individual rights from infringement by state or federal governments. OwlTeacher.com 6th Amendment • ____________________: – Gives the right to every defendant to be aware of any charges against him – As well as the right to an attorney, regardless of whether the defendant can afford one – And the right to a jury trial OwlTeacher.com 7th Amendment • __________________: – Establishes the right to a federal trial in which one person sues another over anything more than $20.00 – Not all civil cases are brought before a federal court, however OwlTeacher.com 8th Amendment • _________________________________: – Guards against any excessive bail, fines, or cruel and unusual punishment for alleged criminals and criminals – The interpretation of this amendment has been expanded by Supreme Court rulings to prevent the securing of confessions through such “cruel and unusual punishment.” OwlTeacher.com 9th Amendment • _________________________________: – Dictates that the rights retained by the people can be contradicted by the Constitution. – Added to ensure fundamental rights of the people that are not included in the Constitution OwlTeacher.com 10th Amendment • _____________________________: – Protects states from the federal government. – Establishes that powers not given to the national government – or denied to the states – by the Constitution belong to the states or to the people. OwlTeacher.com The New Leaders • ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________. • Washington’s inauguration, or official swearing-in ceremony, was attended by thousands. OwlTeacher.com • Leading Federalist ___________________ of Massachusetts became Vice President. • Washington also selected a Cabinet, _____ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ __________________________________. OwlTeacher.com • Washington’s Cabinet included many prominent Americans. • He named Edmund Randolph of Virginia to the post of Attorney General and kept Henry Knox as Secretary of War. • ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________. OwlTeacher.com Jefferson and Hamilton Secretary of State Jefferson • After serving several years as ambassador to France, Thomas Jefferson returned to the United States in 1789. • He quickly became involved again in domestic affairs, or the country’s internal matters. • In addition to being a politician, Jefferson was a ______________________________. OwlTeacher.com • His interest in architecture led him to build several homes, including his most famous, _________________________________. • Jefferson was not a strict Federalist and later became one of Washington’s _________________________________. OwlTeacher.com Treasury Secretary Hamilton • Alexander Hamilton was chosen to head the government’s largest department, the ___________________________________. • Hamilton had been an officer in the Continental Army during the Revolution, where he had carried out important military missions. • In contrast to Jefferson, Hamilton believed that _______________________________, ___________________________________. OwlTeacher.com Washington’s Government • Washington knew that during his first administration, or term of office, he and his officials were ______________________ for how to govern. • A precedent is _______________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________. OwlTeacher.com • Washington worked to establish a tone of dignity in his administration. • ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________. • Although he felt that such pomp was necessary to command respect, others saw these activities as reminiscent of a king and his court. • In 1792, Washington won unanimous reelection. • His second term, however, became marked by ______________________________________. OwlTeacher.com Planning a Capital City The Need for a Capital City • During Washington’s first year in office, the government resided in ______________________. • In 1790, the capital was moved to Philadelphia while a new capital could be planned and built. • The Residence Act of 1790 specified a 10-square-mile stretch of land on the border between Maryland and Virginia for the new capital. • This area, to be called the District of Columbia, would be governed by federal authorities, not by either state. OwlTeacher.com Planning the District of Columbia • _________________________________________ ________________________________________. • French architect Pierre-Charles L’Enfant developed the city plan. • The District of Columbia, later renamed ____________________________________, was designed to echo the beauty and structure of ________________________________________. • The federal government moved there in 1800. • Today, Washington, D.C., remains the most visible legacy of the Federalists’ belief in the power and dignity of the new government. OwlTeacher.com