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Period 7
1890-1945
The Transformation of Politics in America
Madeline Reichert
APUSH Review
Mrs. Koehler 3rd Period
Key Concepts
7.1 Governmental, political and social organizations struggled to address the effect of
large scale industrialization, economic uncertainty, and related social changes such as
urbanization and mass migration
7.2 A revolution in communications and transportation technology helped to create a
new mass culture and spread “modern” values and ideas, even as cultural conflicts
between groups increased under the pressure of migration, world wars and economic
distress.
7.3 Global Conflicts over resources, territories and ideologies renewed debates over the
nation’s values and its role in the world, while simultaneously propelling the United
states into a dominant international military, political, cultural and economic position.
Key Eras & Events:
● The Progressive Era
○ Progressive Movement
● Foreign Policy and World
War I
○ World War I Aftermath
● The Jazz Age and the Great
Depression
● Modern Culture
○ Backlash against
Modern Culture
● The Great Depression
○ Herbert Hoover
○ Reasons/Causes of the
Depression
● The New Deal + Roosevelt
○ First New Deal
○ Second New Deal
● World War II
○ Foreign Policy
The Progressive Movement
Background Information:
● The Populists’ successes in local and national elections brought others to
seek change through political action. (These would be incorporated into
the Progressive mindsets)
● Progressive’s came to dominate in the first two decades of the twentiethcentury
o Progressives were urban, middle class reformers who wanted to
increase the role of government in reform while maintaining a
capitalist economy
● The Progressive Era is a turning point in American history because it
marks the ever-increasing involvement of the federal government in our
daily lives
The Progressive Movement
● Some reasons that the Progressive movement prospered over the Populist
movement, was that the Progressive movement did not intensify regional
and class differences, its issues started with more economic and political
clout, and progressives were more urban, middle class.
● The roots of Progressivism were in the association and organizations.
Most were educated and middle class.
● Many faced corruption during this era, and muckrakers exposed this
corruption.
o Big business corruption, political corruption
● Progressives achieved great success on the local and national levels.
o Nineteenth Amendment, NAACP, etc.
Foreign Policy and World War I
● In response to the still-sizable opposition to U.S. involvement in the war,
Congress passed the Espionage Act and Sedition Act in 1917 and 1918
● Americans also feared a communist takeover after the Russian Revolution
in 1917.
o Palmer Raids
● Committee on Public Information (CPI) --> gov’t helped created a
frenzied atmosphere through wartime propaganda
o Presented more opportunities for women as well
● American participation in the war tipped the balance in the Allies’ favor,
and two years after America's’ entry, the Germans were ready to negotiate
a peace treaty.
Foreign Policy and World War I
● Wilson’s 14 points
o Wilson’s plan for world peace delivered to Congress that called for
free trade, reduction of arms supplies, and the promotion of selfdeterminations
● 14 Points led to the creation of the League of nations ( a mechanism for
international cooperations much like the United Nations)
● Treaty of Versaille--> Germany was forced to cede German and colonial
territories to the Allies, to disarm, to pay huge reparations, and to admit
total fault for the war, despite other nations’ roles in starting it.
o The United States was not a signatory of the Treaty of Versailles, nor
did it ever join the League of Nations
The Great Depression
● Causes of the Great Depression: triggered by the stock market crash,
farming over production, uncontrolled credit buying, etc.
● After World War I the American economy dipped but then started to grow
rapidly.
● By 1922 america was hitting new peaks of prosperity
o The invention of electrical motor started an economic boom
 Computers, electric motors for driving, households,and the
workplace
● With the new prosperity, other industries arose to serve the growing
middle class in its search for the rappings of affluence
New Deal
● The New Deal was a bunch of major reforms that Roosevelt implemented
o “The only thing we have to fear is fear itself-nameless, unreasoning,
unjustified fear.” -Roosevelt
● Roosevelt also sought to reestablish Americans attitude through its
banking system
o Emergency Banking Relief Bill & Banking Act of 1933
● Roosevelt sought to provide relief for the rural poor
o “Alphabet Agencies”
● Many of Roosevelt’s policies were established during his Hundred Days
(First and Second)
World War II
* Foreign Policy: Aimed primarily at promoting and maintain peace, it can be
describes as “independent internationalism” rather than “isolationism”
● Remember the Good Neighbor Policy toward Latin America
● The US achieved its foreign policy objectives mainly through
economic coercion and support of pro-American leaders
● It became increasingly difficult to describe U.S. foreign policy as
isolationist by the 1940s. In 1942 Roosevelt put out the Lend-Lease
Act which permitted the United States to “lend” armaments to
England who didn’t have money for the tools of war
● There was also Japanese aggression that led the US to cut off trade to
Japan--> Pearl Harbor--> U.S. enters the war
World War II
● Complicated military strategy and the outcome of key battles played a big
part in World War II
● The first meeting of the “big three” (Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin) took
place in Tehran (November, 1943)
o Planned D-Day, the Normandy invasion and agreed to divided
Germany into occupation zones after the war
● The Allies eventually won the war, and the Americans accelerated victory
in the East through dropping atomic bombs
● World War II affected almost every aspect of daily left at home and
abroad. It created new opportunities and tensions within society
o Rosie the Riveter was a popular image to symbolize the women who
worked in war-related jobs during the war.