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American History Part 2, Chapters 4 – 6 Manifest Destiny In the 19th century United States, Manifest Destiny was the widely held belief that American settlers were destined to expand throughout the continent. This concept, born out of "A sense of mission to redeem the Old World by high example ... generated by the potentialities of a new earth for building a new heaven”.1 1 Merk, Frederick; Bannister, Lois (1963). Manifest destiny and Mission in American History. Harvard University Press. Manifest Destiny The phrase itself meant different things to different people, and was rejected by many people. Manifest destiny was always a very general notion rather than a specific policy. There was never a set of principles defining Manifest destiny. American Territorial Acquisition Immigration 1790 to 1849 There was relatively little immigration from 1770 to 1830; indeed there was significant emigration to Canada, including about 75,000 Loyalists as well as Germans and other looking for better farms in what is now Ontario. Large scale immigration resumed in the 1830s from Britain, Ireland, Germany and other parts of Central Europe as well as Scandinavia1. Most were attracted by the cheap farm land. 1Norway, Sweden, Denmark (sometimes Finland and Iceland) Population and Foreign Born 1790 to 1849 1790 1800 1810 1820 1830 1840 1850 1 Population 3,918,000 5,236,000 7,036,000 10,086,000 12,785,000 17,018,000 23,054,000 Immigrants1 60,000 60,000 60,000 60,000 143,000 599,000 1,713,000 Foreign Born % 200,000 2 800,000 2 2,244,000 1.6% 4.7% 9.7% The total number immigrating in each decade from 1790 to 1820 are estimates. 2 The number foreign born in 1830 and 1840 decades are extrapolations. Immigration 1850 to 1930 Between 1850 and 1930, about 5 million Germans immigrated to the United States with a peak in the years between 1881 and 1885, when a million Germans left Germany and settled mostly in the Midwest. Between 1820 and 1930, 3.5 million British and 4.5 million Irish entered America. Immigration 1850 to 1930 After 1870 steam powered larger and faster ships, with lower fares. This led to a new wave of migration. This constituted the third episode in the history of U.S. immigration. It could better be referred to as a flood of immigrants, as nearly 25 million Europeans made the voyage. Conestoga (Covered) Wagon Conestoga (Covered) Wagon Slavery in America • From the 16th to the 19th centuries, an estimated 12 million Africans were shipped as slaves to the Americas. • Of these, an estimated 645,000 were brought to what is now the United States. • By the 1860 United States Census, the slave population in the United States had grown to 4 million. Slavery in America • Slaves resisted the institution through rebellions and non-compliance. • They sometimes escaped through travel to non-slave states and Canada. • Escape was facilitated by the Underground Railroad. Slavery in America Slavery in America • Between 1776 and 1804, slavery was outlawed in every state north of the Ohio River and the Mason-Dixon Line1. • By 1810, 75 percent of all blacks in the North were free. • By 1840, virtually all blacks in the North were free. • In Democracy in America (1835), Alexis de Tocqueville noted that "the colonies in which there were no slaves became more populous and more rich than those in which slavery flourished. 1The boundary between Maryland and Pennsylvania, taken as the northern limit of the slave-owning states before the abolition of slavery. Slavery in America Uncle Tom's Cabin is an anti-slavery novel by American author Harriet Beecher Stowe. Published in 1852, the novel helped lay the groundwork for the Civil War. • The best-selling novel of the 19th century. • The 2nd best-selling book of that century, following the Bible. • Credited with helping fuel the abolitionist cause in the 1850s. Slavery in America Uncle Tom's Cabin featured the character of Uncle Tom, a long-suffering black slave around whom the stories of other characters revolve. The sentimental novel depicts the reality of slavery while also asserting that Christian love can overcome something as destructive as enslavement of fellow human beings Slavery in America Reaction to Uncle Tom's Cabin Uncle Tom's Cabin has exerted an influence equaled by few other novels in history. Upon publication, Uncle Tom's Cabin ignited a firestorm of protest from defenders of slavery (who created a number of books in response to the novel) while the book elicited praise from abolitionists. As a best-seller, the novel heavily influenced later protest literature. Slavery in America By 1857, Uncle Tom's Cabin had been translated into 20 languages. Later, it was translated into almost every language, including Chinese – with translator Lin Shu 林紓 creating the first Chinese translation of an American novel in 1901. The American Civil War The Civil War, was a civil war fought from 1861 to 1865 between the United States (the "Union" or the "North") and several Southern slave states that had declared their secession and formed the Confederate States of America (the "Confederacy" or the "South"). The war had its origin in the fractious issue of slavery, and after four years of bloody combat (mostly in the South), the Confederacy was defeated, slavery was abolished, and the difficult Reconstruction process of restoring unity and guaranteeing rights to the freed slaves began. The American Civil War The Civil War was one of the earliest true industrial wars. Railroads, the telegraph, steamships, and mass-produced weapons were employed extensively. The mobilization of civilian factories, mines, shipyards, banks, transportation and food supplies all foreshadowed World War I. It remains the deadliest war in American history, resulting in the deaths of an estimated 750,000 soldiers and an undetermined number of civilian casualties. Jim Crow laws • State and local laws in the United States enacted between 1876 and 1965. • They mandated racial segregation in all public facilities in Southern states of the former Confederacy • A supposedly "separate but equal" status for black Americans. • The separation led to treatment, financial support and accommodations that were usually inferior to those provided for white Americans. The Chinese Exclusion Act The Chinese Exclusion Act was a United States federal law signed by Chester A. Arthur on May 6, 1882, allowing the U.S. to suspend Chinese immigration, a ban that was intended to last 10 years. This law was repealed by the Magnuson Act on December 17, 1943. The Chinese Exclusion Act The first significant Chinese immigration to America began with the California Gold Rush of 1848-1855, and continued with subsequent large labor projects, such as the building of the First Transcontinental Railroad. During the early stages of the gold rush, when surface gold was plentiful, the Chinese were tolerated, if not well received. As gold became harder to find and competition increased, animosity toward the Chinese and other foreigners increased. The Chinese Exclusion Act After being forcibly driven from the mines, most Chinese settled in enclaves in cities, mainly San Francisco, and took up low end wage labor such as restaurant and laundry work. With the post-Civil War economy in decline by the 1870s, anti-Chinese animosity became politicized, with people blaming Chinese "coolies" for depressed wage levels. The Chinese Exclusion Act On June 18, 2012, the United States House of Representatives passed a resolution introduced by Congresswoman Judy Chu, that formally expresses the regret of the House of Representatives for the Chinese Exclusion Act, which imposed almost total restrictions on Chinese immigration and naturalization and denied ChineseAmericans basic freedoms because of their ethnicity. This was only the fourth time that the U.S. Congress issued an apology to a group of people. For next week, please prepare for a short quiz (10 questions) covering all of Part 1 Geography and the first six chapters of Part 2 History. Also, read Part 2 History, Ch. 7, pages 116 to 132