Download 1939: Stalin (USSR) - Bad Axe High School

Origins of the
Cold War
US/USSR Relationship during WWII
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1939: Stalin (USSR) makes a deal with
Hitler (Germany).
1941: Hitler breaks deal and attacks
USSR.
Stalin changes sides & fights with US
and other allies.
US/USSR Relationship during WWII
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1.
2.
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4.
Winston Churchill (England), Franklin Roosevelt
(US) and Joseph Stalin (USSR) meet in Yalta in
1945 to decide the fate of post-war Europe.
Before the end of the WWII,
Stalin, Churchill, and Roosevelt
met at Yalta to plan what should
happen when the war ended.
They agreed on many points:
The establishment of the United
Nations
Division of Germany into four
zones
Free elections allowed in the
states of Eastern Europe
Russia’s promise to join the war
against Japan
Post WWII/Cold War Goals for USSR
Create
greater security for itself
 lost tens of millions of people in WWII
feared a strong Germany
Establish defensible borders
Encourage friendly govts on its borders
Spread communism around the world
“From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the
Adriatic an iron curtain has descended
across the Continent. Behind that line lie
all the capitals of the ancient states of
Central and Eastern Europe. Warsaw,
Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest,
Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia, all these
famous cities and the populations around
them lie in what I must call the Soviet
sphere, and all are subject in one form or
another, not only to Soviet influence but to
Excerpt from Winston a very high and, in some cases, increasing
Churchill’s “Iron Curtain measure of control from Moscow.”
Speech.”
Post WWII/Cold War Goals for US
Promote open markets for US
goods to prevent another
depression
 Promote democracy throughout
the world, especially in Asia
and Africa
 Stop the spread of communism

“Domino
Effect”
Cold War Characteristics
• Political, strategic and ideological
struggle between the US and the
USSR that spread throughout the
world
• Struggle that contained everything
short of war
• Competing social and economic
ideologies
Development
of the Cold War
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The Cold War (1945-91) was one of perception
where neither side fully understood the
intentions and ambitions of the other. This led to
mistrust and military build-ups.
United States
 U.S. thought that Soviet expansion would
continue and spread throughout the world.
 They saw the Soviet Union as a threat to their
way of life; especially after the Soviet Union
gained control of Eastern Europe.
Development
of the Cold
War

Soviet Union
 They felt that they had won World War II. They
had sacrificed the most (25 million vs. 300,000
total dead) and deserved the “spoils of war.” They
had lost land after WWI because they left the
winning side; now they wanted to gain land
because they had won.
 They wanted to economically raid Eastern Europe
to recoup their expenses during the war.
 They saw the U.S. as a threat to their way of life;
especially after the U.S. development of atomic
weapons.
Cold War Mobilization
by the U.S.
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Alarmed Americans viewed the Soviet
occupation of eastern European countries as
part of a communist expansion, which
threatened to extend to the rest of the world.
In 1946, Winston Churchill gave a speech at
Fulton College in Missouri in which he
proclaimed that an “Iron Curtain” had fallen
across Europe.
In March 1947, U.S. president Harry Truman
proclaimed the Truman Doctrine.
The Truman
Doctrine (1947)

Reasoning
Threatened by Communist influence in
Turkey and Greece
 “Two hostile camps” speech

Financial aid “to support free peoples who
are resisting attempted subjugation”
 Sent $400 million worth of war supplies to
Greece and helped push out Communism
 The Truman Doctrine marked a new level
of American commitment to a Cold War.
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The Policy
of Containment
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Definition:
 By applying firm diplomatic, economic, and
military counterpressure, the United States
could block Soviet aggression.
Formulated by George F. Kennan as a way to
stop Soviet expansion without having to go to
war.
Ironically, the Soviets were looking for insulation
from the Capitalist West.
NSC-68
The Containment Doctrine would later be
expanded in 1949 in NSC-68, which
called for a dramatic increase in defense
spending
 From $13 billion to $50 billion a year, to
be paid for with a large tax increase.
 NSC-68 served as the framework for
American policy over the next 20 years.
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The Marshall Plan
(1947-48)
War damage and dislocation in Europe invited
Communist influence
 Economic aid to all European countries
offered in the European Recovery Program
 $17 billion to western Europe
 Soviets refused – The blame for dividing
Europe fell on the Soviet union, not the United
States. And the Marshall Plan proved crucial
to Western Europe’s economic recovery.
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Dividing
Germany
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U.S., Britain, and France merged their zones in
1948 to create an independent West German
state.
The Soviets responded by blockading all land
access to Berlin. The U.S. began a massive airlift
of supplies that lasted almost a year. (7,000 tons
a day) In May 1949 Stalin lifted the blockade,
conceding that he could not prevent the creation
of West Germany.
Thus, the creation of East and West Germany
The Berlin Crisis: June 1948-May 1949
Map of Berlin divided
into zones after WWII
Map of Germany divided
into zones after WWII
A plane flies in supplies during the Berlin Airlift.
North Atlantic Treaty
Organization & the Warsaw Pact
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Stalin’s aggressive actions accelerated the
American effort to use military means to contain
Soviet ambitions.
The U.S. joined with Canada, Britain, France,
Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg to
establish NATO, a mutual defense pact in 1949.
Pledged signers to treat an attack against one as
an attack against all.
When West Germany joined NATO in 1955, the
Soviet Union countered by creating its own
alliance system in eastern Europe– the Warsaw
Pact (1955)
NATO:
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
1949:
the western nations formed to
to coordinate defense against USSR
Originally consisted of 12 nations:
America
Belgium
Britain
Canada
Denmark
France
Holland
Italy
Luxembourg
Norway
Portugal
NATO flag

Since fall of the USSR (1991),some
former Soviet satellites have applied
to NATO
Warsaw Pact
Warsaw
Pact: organization of communist states in C. and E. Europe
Established May 14, 1955 in Warsaw, Poland
USSR established in in response to NATO treaty
Founding members:
Albania
Bulgaria
Czechoslovakia
Hungary
Poland
Romania
USSR
East
Germany
Greatest extent of Warsaw Pact
The Cold War Heats Up:
Problems of the Atomic Age

The most frightening aspect of the Cold War
was the constant threat of nuclear war.
Russia detonated its first atom bomb in 1949.
 Truman ordered construction of the hydrogen
bomb; ready in 1950.

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Call for buildup of conventional forces to
provide alternative to nuclear war.
Senator Joe McCarthy (1908-1957)
McCarthy (R – WI) anti-communist fear
and paranoia in the ’50s
 February 9, 1950, he gave a speech
claiming to have a list of 205
communists in the state dept.
 No one in the press actually saw names
 McCarthy repeated groundless charges,
changing the number from speech to speech.
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SOME RESULTS:
 One state required pro wrestlers to take a
loyalty oath before stepping into the ring.
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In Indiana, a group of anti-communists
indicted Robin Hood (and its vaguely
socialistic message that the book's hero
had a right to rob from the rich and give to
the poor) and forced librarians to pull the
book from the shelves.
Cincinnati Redlegs primary  Baseball's Cincinnati Reds
logo in use from 1954-1959
themselves the "Redlegs."
renamed
McCarthy’s Downfall
Spring ‘54:McCarthy charged high-ranking army officers
 For the first time, a TV broadcast allowed the
public to see the senator as a blustering bully and his
investigations as little more than a witch hunt.
 Dec. ’54: Senate voted to censure him for his conduct and
to strip him of his privileges.
 McCarthy died three years later from alcoholism.
"McCarthyism" lives on to describe anti-Communist fervor,
reckless accusations, and guilt by association.
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Movie poster for the 2005 film Good
Night and Good Luck about the fall
of Joseph McCarthy
Arthur Miller’s play The Crucible was
on the surface about the Salem Witch
Trials. It’s real target, though, was
the hysterical persecution of innocent
people during McCarthyism. (poster
for 1996 film version)
Global Nuclear Confrontation
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The Soviet army had at its command over 260
divisions.
The US, in contrast, had reduced its forces by 1947
to little more than a single division.
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American military planners were forced to adopt a
nuclear strategy in face of the overwhelmingly
superiority of Soviet forces.
They would deter any Soviet attack by setting in place
a devastating atomic counterattack.
For the next quarter century, the U.S. and the USSR
would engage in a nuclear arms race that constantly
increased the destructive capability of both sides.
“Losing China”
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Truman was preoccupied
with Europe.
Events in Asia would soon
bring charges from
Republicans that the
Democrats were letting the
Communists win.
After “losing” China, the
United States sought to
shore up friendly Asian
regimes.
The Korean War
(1950-53)
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Since WWII, the country
had been divided along
the 38th parallel
 The North was
controlled by the
Communist government
of Kim Il Sung (grandfather
of today’s Kim Jong Un)

The South by the
dictatorship of
Syngman Rhee.
The Korean War
(1950-53)
Soviet-backed troops
from North Korea
invaded U.S.-backed
South Korea in June
1950.
 The confrontation
between capitalist
and Communist blocs
turned into open
military struggle.
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The Korean War (1950-53)
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Stalin had agreed to the North Korean attack, but
promised only supplies.
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He would eventually send pilots dressed in Chinese
uniforms and using Chinese phrases over the radio
Having already “lost” China, it was decided that
the United States would fight the North Koreans.
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It would use enough force to deter aggression, but
without provoking a larger war with the Soviet Union or
China.
The U.S. would not declare war. The United Nations
sanctioned aid to South Korea as a “police action.”
The Korean War
(1950-53)
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The U.N. Security Council declared North Korea the
aggressor and sent troops from 15 nations to restore
peace.
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Under the command of General Douglas MacArthur
U.S. 350,000; South Korean 400,000; other UN members
50,000
The move succeeded only because the Soviet
delegate, who had veto power, was absent
because he was protesting the UN’s refusal to
recognize the Communist government in China.
Side effects of the Korean War
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Energized America’s anti-Communist commitments
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NATO forces were rapidly expanding.
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No longer did elected officials hesitate about the need
to contain Soviet communism at any cost.
By 1952, there were 261,000 American troops
stationed in Europe, three times the number in 1950.
By 1953, NATO forces had reached 7 million.
Truman also increased assistance to the French in
Indochina, creating the Military Assistance Advisory
Group for Indochina.

This was the start of America’s deepening
involvement in Vietnam.
Military
Developments
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MacArthur pushed the
North Koreans back to
the 38th Parallel.
He then decided to
invade the North in an
effort to unify Korea
 Chinese Communist
“volunteers” entered
the war and pushed
U.S. back.

Map of the
Korean War
Dismissal of MacArthur
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MacArthur wanted to blockade China and use
Taiwanese Nationalists to invade mainland
China.
 He ordered China to make peace or be
attacked.
Truman removed MacArthur from all his
commands and replaced him with General
Matthew Ridgway who gradually pushed back
almost to original line.
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April 1951
End of War
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Snags in negotiations.
Truce talks lasted for two years.
Truce signed on July 27, 1953
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Treaty of Panmunjom
Cost of the war
U.S. – 34,000 deaths and 103,000
wounded and missing.
 S. Korean – 1 million casualties
 N. Korean and Chinese – about 1.5
million casualties
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The Cold War in the 1950s:
USSR
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Nikita Khrushchev takes over after Stalin’s death
in 1953.
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He repudiates Stalin’s use of the vast Gulag (or
labor camp complex) and attempts to separate
Stalin’s “crimes” from true communism.
Repression and Dissent
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Polish and Hungarian intellectuals and students
held demonstrations calling for free elections,
withdrawal of Soviet troops, etc.
1956 – Soviet Crackdown in Hungary
• Soviet tanks were sent in to crush dissent.
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Eastern Europe remained under Soviet control.
The Cold War in
the 1950s: USSR
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October 4, 1957 – USSR launched
the first satellite, Sputnik, into orbit.
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The Sputnik launch confirmed the
Soviet Union’s superpower status.
Two months earlier they had tested
an intercontinental ballistic missile
(ICBM).
Khrushchev – “We will bury you”
The Cold War in the
1950s: U.S.
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Dwight Eisenhower takes over from Truman in 1953.
 Democrats charged Republicans for “missile gap”
 Eisenhower responded.
Enlarged defense spending; National Aeronautics
and Space Administration (NASA)
By 1962-63, the U.S. had 450 missiles and 2,000
bombers capable at striking the Soviet Union,
compared to 50-100 ICBMS and 200 bombers that
could reach the U.S.
The Third World

In the 1950s, French intellectuals coined the
term “Third World” to describe the efforts of
countries seeking a “third way” between
Western capitalism and Soviet communism.
By the early 1960s, the term had come to
identify a large bloc of countries from Asia,
Africa, and Latin America.
 Charting a “third way” proved difficult, both
economically and politically. Both the
Soviets and the Americans saw the Third
World as “underdeveloped.”

The Third World

By the middle of the 1960s, as the
euphoria of decolonization evaporated
and new states found themselves
mired in debt and dependency, many
Third World nations fell into
dictatorship and authoritarian rule.
The Cold War
in the 1960s
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Khrushchev: “peaceful coexistence”
American U-2 spy plane shot down by Soviets in
1960.
In 1961, the Soviet begun construction of the Berlin
Wall, which cut off movement between East and
West Berlin and became a symbol of the eroding
relations between the Soviet Union and the United
States.
Cuban Missile Crisis
(October of 1962)