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Grade 8/Social Studies
UNIT: 12
TITLE: Reconstruction
Part 1: Reconstruction (18651877)
Reconstruction
► After
the Civil War, the North experienced a brief
economic downturn, but was able to recuperate
quickly mainly because most of the destruction
that came with the war occurred primarily in the
South.
► The South was devastated. Their financial system
was ruined, and many southern banks had been
forced to close, because that had made loans with
Confederate money which was now worthless
Reconstruction
► The
South would need
rebuilding, and
Southern state
governments would
need to be restored
and this was called
reconstruction.
► There were different
strategies in Congress
on how to handle
reconstruction
Ten Percent Plan
► This
was Lincoln’s plan
to allow southern
states to form their
own governments after
10% of the population
swore an oath of
loyalty to the United
States.
► It also would allow
amnesty to former
Confederate soldiers
Wade-Davis Bill
► This
was a rival plan that was more severe
than Lincoln’s 10% Plan.
► It would have required a majority of white
men to swear an oath of loyalty to the
United States and it barred any former
Confederate soldier from serving in public
office
► Lincoln refused to sign this bill
Freedman’s Bureau
►
►
►
This was a plan to help
former slaves after the war
The Bureau would provide
food and clothing and help
African Americans find
jobs. It allowed for
schooling as well by
expanding education
opportunities
It was intended to help
impoverished whites as
well
Lincoln is Assassinated
► Lincoln
never got the
chance to push his
reconstruction plans
through Congress
► While attending a play
a play a Fords Theatre
in Washington D.C. on
April 14th, 1865, he
was assassinated
Lincoln is Assassinated
► John
Wilkes Booth, an
actor and Southern
sympathizer, crept into
Lincoln’s balcony and
shot him in the head.
► Lincoln died the next
morning
► Booth escaped but was
later apprehended and
killed along with his
conspirators
The 13th Amendment
►
►
Andrew Johnson, who had
been Lincoln’s Vice
President, became the new
President.
Johnson passed a plan
that required the Southern
states to pass the 13th
Amendment which
outlawed slavery
everywhere in the United
States and no
compensation was to be
given to former slave
owners.
The 13th Amendment
►
►
The southern states did pass the 13th Amendment, so
Johnson allowed them to have their own state
governments back.
This angered many Radical Republicans in Congress, who
felt Johnson was being too lenient with the South
The
th
13
Amendment
► Andrew
Johnson (who
was a Democrat)
believed that
Reconstruction in the
South should not be
cruel nor harsh, so
that a better
relationship could be
formed between the
regions of the country
Radical Republicans
► Radical
Republicans
like Thaddeus Stevens,
became outraged
when southern states
began electing former
Confederate Congress
members to the U.S.
Congress
Black Codes
►
Southern legislatures also
began to pass “Black
Codes” which were
intended on preventing
freedmen from voting or
gaining economic power.
Many who attempted to
defy these codes could be
arrested and sentenced to
work on plantations.
Civil Rights Acts
► Radical
Republicans passed the Civil Rights Act of
1866 to combat the “Black Codes”
► President Andrew Johnson (Democrat) vetoed the
bill, but the Radical Republican controlled
Congress overrode his veto
The 14th Amendment
► The
14th Amendment was passed by Congress to
give citizenship to all persons born in the United
States. Including newly freed former slaves.
► It also guaranteed equal protection of the law to
all citizens.
The 14th Amendment
► The
Republicans were hoping to secure basic
rights for freedmen in the South
► All the former Confederate States except
Tennessee refused to ratify the 14th Amendment
► The Radical Republicans then abolished all the
southern state governments and split the south
into 5 military districts.
► They would not be allowed to rejoin the United
States until they ratified the 14th amendment and
rewrote their state constitutions
Military Redistricting
Ratification of
th
14
Amendment
th
15
► In
Amendment
1869, Republicans in Congress came up with
the 15th Amendment, which would forbid any
state to deny African Americans the right to vote
th
15
► Many
Amendment
Republicans
knew that the majority
of African Americans
would probably vote
Republican
► The addition of the
13th 14th, and 15th
amendments during
reconstruction had a
great effect on the
country
Reconstruction
► There
were few white people in the South
who supported the Republican party. They
were mainly businessmen who had opposed
secession in the first place
► Many other Southerners referred to these
white Republicans as “scalawags” and
considered them to be traitors
► There were Northerners who came down to
the South to help in the Reconstruction
Carpetbaggers
Many Southerners accused
these Northerners of
scheming to take
advantage of the situation
and get rich off the misery
of the Southerners. They
referred to these men as
“Carpetbaggers” since they
came down in cloth
suitcases.
► Southern Democrats hated
carpetbaggers
►
Reconstruction
► Another
major voice in politics was the voice
of the African Americans.
► Now that they could vote, many began
running for office. Several were even
elected to Congress
► Hiram Revels became the first African
American Senator in 1870. (He was elected
to finish Jefferson Davis’s term)
Hiram Revels
Reconstruction
► Many
Conservatives in the South resisted all
the change brought on by Reconstruction.
Most of these Conservatives were
Democrats. They began t wage a personal
war with anyone who supported the
Republican Party.
► Secret societies began to form to keep
African Americans from voting and prevent
Republicans from gaining power
Ku Klux Klan
► The
most dangerous
and violent of these
secret societies was
the Ku Klux Klan
Sharecropping
► Poverty
was beginning to take hold of the South
during Reconstruction
► Former slaves who left the plantations found little
opportunities elsewhere and many wound up
returning to work on the plantations.
► They rented the land they worked on and were
provided tools, seed, fertilizer, etc. by the land
owners in return for a share in the profits from the
crops.
Sharecropping
► Many
sharecroppers
spent their time trying
to repay the loans and
became locked in a
cycle of poverty.
► Many white
Southerners who had
lost everything wound
up becoming
sharecroppers as well
Reconstruction Ends
► Radical
Republicans
eventually began to
lose their influence in
Congress as many had
been exposed of
corruption.
► Even President Grant
was seen as corrupt
Reconstruction Ends
► When
the Amnesty Act of 1872 was passed,
Southerners were once again allowed to
vote for their own governments. Most all of
them voted overwhelmingly Democrat.
► Republican domination of Congress soon
gave way to an even split
► The Democratic Party would rule the politics
of Southern states for a century following
the Civil War
Election of 1876
► In
the election of
1876, Democrats
chose Samuel Tilden to
run for President
► Republicans chose
Rutherford B. Hayes as
their candidate.
► The election was
extremely close.
Election of 1876
►
►
►
Tilden won the popular
vote, but 20 electoral
votes were too close to
call.
A commission of mostly
Republicans handled the
recount and gave the
election to Hayes.
Hayes began to remove all
federal troops from the
South thus bringing an
official end to
Reconstruction
Homestead Act
►
►
The Homestead Act was passed by Congress in 1862. It
gave land west of the Mississippi River to anyone who had
not taken up arms against the U.S. government and who
agreed to improve the land
This caused the settlement of western territories to
accelerate
Morrill Act
► The
Morrill Act allowed for the creation of land
grant colleges whose studies focused on
agriculture and mechanical arts
► Many states began to build their first public
colleges
Dawes Act
►
►
The Dawes Act was passed by Congress in 1887. It divided
Indian Tribal land into lots for individual ownership to help
assimilate Native Americans into American Society
This disrupted tribal way of life by enforcing individual
ownership.
Plessey v. Ferguson
► Segregation-
the legal separation of races
became the law of the land in the South.
The South passed state laws to keep African
Americans out of white schools, theatres,
restaurants, hospitals, and even cemeteries.
► These were known as “Jim Crow” laws.
► African Americans challenged these laws in
the Plessey v. Ferguson case.
Plessey v. Ferguson
► The
supreme court
ruled that segregation
was legal as long as
the separate Black and
White facilities were
equal. They were
hardly ever equal
New South
► When
Reconstruction ended the South
began to build its own industry instead to
relying on the North.
► Many new businesses started up I this “New
South”, such as mining and oil refineries
New South
► It
would take over 100
years before the South
was able to catch up
to the rest of the
Nation in development
and in some cases
surpass the other
regions in industry