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Compare and Contrast the Frog and Perch What is an Animal? Chapter 25.1 Characteristics of Animals • All animals share six characteristics… – All animals are members of the kingdom Animalia – All animals are heterotrophic – All animals are multicellular – All animals are eukaryotic organisms – All animal cells lack a cell wall – All animals have the ability to move • Animals ability to move from place to place helps them find food, move to favorable environments, and avoid predators • There are many different forms of movement (swim walk, fly, and running) • Some animals move by attaching themselves to the ocean floor or submerged surfaces Invertebrates vs. Chordates Invertebrates • Includes 95% of all animal species • Includes all animals that lack a backbones, or vertebral column • Does not form a clade or any other true category in the classification system. (because it talks about characteristics animals lack) • Examples: sea stars, jellyfish, worms, insects Chordates • Includes fewer than 5% of all animal species • All chordates share four common characteristics during at least one stage of their lives – 1. ) have a dorsal, hollow nerve cord – 2.) have a notochord – 3.) have a tail that extends beyond the anus – 4.) have pharyngeal pouches Notochord- is a long supporting rod that runs through the body just below the nerve cord Pharyngeal Pouches- are paired structures in the throat region, also called the pharynx. In fish pharyngeal pouches may turn into gills. Invertebrates vs. Chordates Invertebrates Chordates • Non-vertebrate chordates are chordates that lack vertebrae • Chordates with backbones are called Vertebrates – All Vertebrates have a cranium and internal skeleton – Examples: fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals What Animals Do to Survive • All animals must perform similar functions to stay alive. – 1.) Maintain homeostasis by gathering and responding to information – 2.) Obtain and distribute oxygen and nutrients – 3.) Collect and eliminate carbon dioxide and other wastes – 4.) Reproduce Maintaining Homeostasis • Homeostasis is maintained by feedback inhibition. • Feedback inhibition (negative feedback)- is a system in which the product or result of the process limits the process itself. • Ex. If your house gets to cold, then your thermostat turns on the heat. As heat warms the house the thermostat turns the heater off Gathering and Responding to Information • Complex animals use several linked body systems to respond to an event • The nervous system helps respond to events by using cells called receptors – Receptors respond to light, chemicals, sound and other stimuli – Other nerve cells process the information and determine how to respond – Animals often respond by moving around – Muscle tissues generate force by becoming shorter when stimulated by the nervous system – Muscles work together with the skeleton to make up the musculoskeletal system Gathering and Responding to Information • Skeletons vary widely from phylum to phylum – Invertebrates have skeletons that are flexible and function through the use of fluid pressure – Can have either Internal or external skeletons • Internal skeletons are made from the bones of the vertebrae (found inside the body) • External skeletons are found outside the body • • External Skeleton Internal Skeleton Obtaining and Distributing Oxygen and Nutrients • All animals must breathe to obtain oxygen – Small animals obtain oxygen by allowing it to diffuse across their skin – Larger animals use gills, lungs, or air passages • All animals must eat to obtain nutrients • Nutrients and oxygen are distributed to cells throughout the body using a circulatory system • The structures of the respiratory and digestive system work together with the circulatory system Collecting and Eliminating CO2 and Other Wastes • Animals’ metabolic processes create carbon dioxide and other waste products that contain nitrogen often in the form of ammonia • Carbon dioxide and ammonia are toxic and must be excreted and eliminated from the body • Many animals remove CO2 with their respiratory system. More complex animals have a specialized organs system for eliminating waste called the excretory system • Before wastes can be eliminated they need to be collected from cells throughout body tissues and then delivered to the excretory or respiratory system Reproducing • Most animals reproduce sexually by producing haploid gametes. • Sexual reproduction creates and maintains genetic diversity. – Genetic diversity increases a species’ ability to evolve and adapt as the environment changes • Invertebrates and a few vertebrates reproduce asexually – Asexual reproduction produces offspring that are identical to the parent – Asexual reproduction allows animals to increase their numbers rapidly , but does not generate genetic diversity 25.1 Vocabulary • Invertebrates- includes all animals that lack a back bone or vertebral column • Chordates- animals that have had a dorsal, hollow nerve cord, a notochord, a tail that extends beyond the anus, and pharyngeal pouches during at least one stage of their life • Notochord- is a long supporting rod that runs through the body just below the nerve cord • Pharyngeal Pouches- are paired structures in the throat region, also called the pharynx. • Vertebrates- chordates with backbones • Feedback Inhibition- also known as negative feedback, is a system in which the product or result of the process limits the process itself • Using a new Venn Diagram compare and contrast Chordates and Invertebrates…