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Transcript
Animals
A group to group, system to system
comparison.
Insects
Grasshopper- fits into
classification arthropod
-exothermic
-vegetarian diet
Annelids
Earth Worm
From Latin Annellus- “little ring”
Segmented worms
Eat particulate organic matter
Amphibians
Frog
exothermic
Primarily vegetarian first stage
Primarily carnivorous second stage
Mammals
Endothermic
Hair
Milk
Transport
How does this group of organisms
approach circulation?
Open circulatory systems- vessels dump
into open cavity and pressure pushes
random liquid back to the heart
Closed circulatory systems- vessels carry
medium throughout the body and back to
heart
Insect Transport
Open circulatory
system
Single contracting
section of vessels serves
as “heart”
 Pumps hemolymph (like
insect blood) into open
cavity
Blood returns to vessels
via cavity pressure
Annelid Transport
Closed Circulatory
System
Blood carries gasses
throughout the body.
Several single
chamber, contractile
swellings in the
vessels serve as
“heart.”
Amphibian Transport
3- chambered heart
Mixed oxygenated
and deoxygenated
(oxygen rich and
oxygen poor) blood
is pumped back out
to the body.
R. Aorta
L. Aorta
Ventricle
Mammalian Transport
Lungs
4- chambered heart
Keeps oxygenated
and deoxygenated
blood separate
Pumps only
oxygenated to body
Pumps only
deoxygenated to
lungs
Excretion
Digestion of proteins (amino acids, NH2)
yields excess Nitrogen.
All organisms must find a way to get rid
of excess Nitrogen.
Nitrogen is excreted as urea, uric acid,
and/ or urine by different organisms all
trying to get rid of nitrogen and conserve
water.
Insect Excretion
Malpighian tubules -gather water,
potassium ions, and dilute urine
components
Drains pre- urine into intestines
Insect Excretion
Insect Excretion
Malpighian Tubules
Intestine
Annelid Excretion
Use nephridia to concentrate urine and
conserve water
2 nephridia on nearly every body
segment
A nephridium (singular) has its own
bladder and exits directly through the
skin.
Annelid Excretion
Nephridium
Annelid Excretion
Amphibious Excretion
Primitive kidney functions in excreting excess
water taken in through the skin and excess N
Cloaca- single posterior opening that serves as
the only opening for intestinal and urinary
tracts
Kidney adjusts urine concentration depending
on amount of internal water.
Nephrons in kidney filter water and waste from
blood
Urine passes from kidney to bladder to cloaca
Amphibious
Excretion
Nephron
To cloaca
Amphibious Excretion
Cloaca
Mammalian Excretion
Modern kidney can conserve water or
excrete excess
Excretes salts, ions, and nitrogen
Urine can be extra concentrated by
additional loops in the nephrons
Loop of Henle allows for extra water
conservation
Urine stored in bladder until exit via
urethra
Mammalian
Excretion
Mammalian Excretion
Respiration
How does O2 get in and CO2 get out?
On what part of the body does gas
exchange take place?
What organs does each group use?
Insect Respiration
Tracheal tubes pass through the exoskeleton
and carry oxygen throughout the body.
Spiracles are the holes through which gasses
move.
Generally a passive process of air movement.
In larger insects, (grasshopper) muscle activity
helps pumping and creates air movement.
Insect Respiration
Insect Respiration
Annelid Respiration
Annelids do respiration across the moist
membranes of their skin.
Their respiration method is called
diffusion.
Handy, but it has drawbacks
Too wet- they drown
Too dry- they suffocate
Annelid Respiration
Amphibian Respiration
Poor blood/gas transport makes skin gas
exchange important.
Moist skin exchanges gases all over the
body and diffuses into vessels
Again, handy, but problematic
Amphibians are highly susceptible to water
pollution because of their skin diffusion
Amphibian Respiration
diffusion
Polluted water
Mammal Respiration
Diaphragm assists lungs
Accessory muscles assist lungs
No gas exchange takes place through skin
Mammal
Respiration
I know, not a
mammal.
Digestion
Putting food into the body
Passing indigestible parts of foods from
the body
Getting nutrients and water from the
food, and keeping them in the body when
the indigestibles leave
Insect Digestion
Complete system with digestive enzymes
Pharynx sucks and swallows
Crop holds it for later digestion
Gizzard grinds or sort of “chews” food
Intestines absorb and pass remaining
indigestible parts
Insect Digestion
Annelid Digestion
Crop holds for later
Gizzard grinds food with hard little
indigestible particles to make it smaller
They eat soil and digest the organic
particles found in it
Annelid Digestion
Amphibian Digestion
 Digestive tract with gall bladder and
liver enzymes
 Digest much like mammals
 Exits via the cloaca
 Cloaca- single posterior opening that
serves as the only opening for intestinal
and urinary tracts
Amphibian Digestion
Mammalian Digestion
Complete digestive tract exits via anus
Reproduction
Strategies for making babies…
Internal fertilization- egg is inside the
body and sperm enters to join
External fertilization- egg is released
from the body to meet sperm in outside
world
Parthenogenesis- ability to asexually
produce offspring from unfertilized egg
Insect Reproduction
VERY DIVERSE!
Usually sexual with internal fertilization
Eggs are laid once fertilized
May undergo parthenogenesis if no mate
is available to fertilize the egg
Insect Reproduction
Laying eggs
Internal fertilization
Annelid Reproduction
Hermaphrodites- each one produces both
eggs and sperm, but does not self-fertilize
In mating, each worm donates sperm to
the other
Both worms can then become pregnant
Once fertilized, they lay eggs
Annelid Reproduction
Amphibian Reproduction
External Fertilization in water as a
transport medium for sperm
Animals mount, and both release into the
water
Eggs lack protective coats
Some parthenogenesis can take place
when mates are scarce.
Amphibian Reproduction
Mammal Reproduction
Internal fertilization
Attachment of fertilized egg to placenta
Live birth
Milk-nursing
Mammalian Reproduction
Fertilized egg dividing
by mitosis, attached to
uterine wall
Ectopic pregnancy, egg
attached to place besides
uterus.
Insect Development
Hatched from eggs
Often have a larval stage
May cocoon or not
Mosquito
Larva
Mosquito
“egg raft”
Alfalfa weevil
Larva
Insect Development
Eacles imperialis Adult
moth is over 6 in wide
Annelid Development
Fertilized egg capsules deposited in soil
In 2-3 weeks, young worms emerge
Amphibian Development
Metamorphosis- life has two completely
different stages
Young are herbivorous and aquatic
Adults are carnivorous and can migrate
onto land
Amphibian Development
Mammal Development
Young born live and nursing for nutrition
Spend at least some time with parents
learning behaviors and receiving
nutrition and protection from mothers
Mammal Development
Mule Deer
Elephant Seal
Mouse
Humpbacked Whale