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Chapter 4
Human Anatomy
and Physiology
Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology
Objectives
• Identify and locate topographic terms
on the body.
• Describe anatomy and functions of
the major body systems.
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Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology
The Planes of the Body
• Anterior
• Posterior
• Midaxillary
• Midline
• Midclavicular line
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Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology
Directional Terms
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Right and left
Superior and inferior
Lateral and medial
Proximal and distal
Superficial and deep
Ventral and dorsal
Palmar and plantar
Apices and bilateral
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Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomic Positions
• Prone
• Supine
• Trendelenburg’s
position
• Fowler’s position
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Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology
The Skeletal System
• Gives form to the body
• Protects vital organs
• Consists of 206 bones
• Acts as a framework for attachment of
muscles
• Designed to permit motion of the body
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Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology
Bone Man
Additional Explanation
Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology
The Skull
Orbit
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Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology
The Neck (1 of 2)
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Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology
The Neck (2 of 2)
Trachea
Esophagus
Cervical Vertebrae
Larynx
Trachea
Additional Explanation
Esophagus
Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology
The Spinal Column
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12
5
5
4
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Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology
The Spinal Column
7
12
C7 is
Prominent
Ribs
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5
4
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Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology
The Thorax & Chest Cavity (1 of 2)
Cavity is protected by:
T12
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Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology
The Thorax & Chest Cavity (2 of 2)
Chest Cavity
contains:
•Heart
•Great Vessels
•Esophagus
•Lungs
Separated from
abdomen by
diaphragm
Additional Explanation
Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology
The Abdomen (1 of 2)
• The
abdomen is
the second
major body
cavity.
• It contains RUQ
the major RLQ
organs of
digestion and
excretion.
Chest
Cavity
LUQ
LLQ
Pancreas
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Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology
The Abdomen (2 of 2)
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Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology
The Pelvis
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Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology
The Lower Extremity
• Hip
• Thigh
ALL
Neck of Femur
• Knee
• Leg
Largest Joint
in Body
• Ankle
• Foot
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Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology
The Upper Extremity (1 of 2)
• Shoulder girdle
• Arm
A/C Joint
Additional Explanation
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Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology
The Upper Extremity (2 of 2)
Additional Explanation
Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology
Joints
Ball-and-Socket Joint
Hinge Joint
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Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology
Functions of the
Musculoskeletal System
• Gives the body shape
• Protects internal organs
• Provides for movement
• Consists of more than 600 muscles
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Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology
Types of Muscle (1 of 2)
• Skeletal (voluntary) muscle
– Attached to the bones of the body
• Smooth (involuntary) muscle
– Carry out the automatic muscular
functions of the body
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Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology
Types of Muscle (2 of 2)
• Cardiac muscle
– Involuntary muscle
– Has own blood supply and electrical
system
– Can tolerate interruptions of blood
supply for only very short periods
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Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology
The Respiratory System
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Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology
Diaphragm
• Has characteristics of both voluntary and
involuntary muscles
• Dome-shaped muscle
• Divides thorax from abdomen
• Contracts during inhalation
• Relaxes during exhalation
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Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology
Breathing Process: Inhalation
• Diaphragm and intercostal muscles
contract, increasing the size of the
thoracic cavity.
• Pressure in the lungs decreases.
• Air travels to the lungs.
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Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology
Breathing Process: Exhalation
• Diaphragm and intercostal muscles
relax.
• As the muscles relax, all
dimensions of the thorax decrease.
• Pressure in the lungs increases.
• Air flows out of the lungs.
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Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology
Exchange of Oxygen and
Carbon Dioxide
• Oxygen-rich air is
delivered to alveoli
with inspiration.
• Oxygen diffuses into
the blood.
• The body does not
use all the inhaled
oxygen.
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Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology
Control of Breathing
• Brain stem controls breathing.
– Increases breathing rate if the carbon
dioxide level in blood becomes too
high
• Hypoxic drive is a “backup system.”
– Activates when oxygen levels fall to
stimulate breathing
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Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology
Normal Breathing
Characteristics
• Normal rate and depth
• Regular rhythm
• Good breath sounds in both lungs
• Regular rise and fall movements
in the chest
• Easy, not labored
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Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology
Normal Breathing Rates
Adults
12 to 20 breaths/min
Children
18 to 34 breaths/min
Infants
30 to 60 breaths/min
p 109
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Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology
Recognizing Inadequate
Breathing
ALL
• Irregular rhythm
• Pale or blue skin
• Labored breathing
• Cool, clammy skin
• Muscle retractions
• Faster respiratory
rate
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Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology
Infant and Child Anatomy
• Structures less rigid
• Airway smaller
• Tongue
proportionally larger
• Dependent on
diaphragm for
breathing
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Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology
The Circulatory System
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Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology
The Heart
p.111
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Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology
Blood Flow Through the Heart
ALL
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Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology
Electrical Conduction System
• SA node
• AV node
• Purkinje
fibers
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Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology
Normal Heart Rates
p 112
Adults
60 to 100 beats/min
Children
70 to 140 beats/min
Toddlers
90 to 150 beats/min
Newborns
120 to 160 beats/min
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Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology
Major Arteries and Veins
ALL
• Aorta
• Brachial
• Pulmonary
• Radial
• Carotid
• Superior vena cava
• Femoral
• Inferior vena cava
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Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology
Components of Blood
ALL
• Plasma
• Red blood cells
• White blood cells
• Platelets
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Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology
Physiology of the Circulatory
System (1 of 2)
ALL
• Pulse
– The wave of blood through the
arteries formed when the left
ventricle contracts
– Can be felt where an artery passes
over a bone near the skin surface
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Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology
Physiology of the Circulatory
System (2 of 2)
ALL
• Blood pressure
– Amount of force exerted against walls of
arteries
 Systole: Left ventricle contracts
 Diastole: Left ventricle relaxes
• Perfusion
– Circulation of blood within an organ or
tissue
– If inadequate, the patient goes into shock.
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Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology
The Nervous System
ALL
• The nervous system controls the body’s
voluntary and involuntary actions.
• Somatic nervous system
–Regulates voluntary actions
• Autonomic nervous system
–Controls involuntary body functions
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Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology
Central Nervous System (1 of 2) ALL
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Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology
Central Nervous System (2 of 2)
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Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology
Peripheral Nervous System
• Links the organs of the body to the central
nervous system.
• Sensory nerves carry information from the
body to the central nervous system.
• Motor nerves carry information from the
central nervous system to the muscles of
the body.
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Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology
The Skin (1 of 2)
ALL
• Protects the body from the
environment
• Regulates body temperature
• Transmits information from
environment to the brain
• Largest single organ in the
body
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Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology
The Skin (2 of 2)
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Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology
Endocrine System
• Complex message and control
system
• Made up of 7 glands
• Glands produce and release
hormones.
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Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology
Endocrine Glands
• Adrenal
• Pituitary
• Ovary
• Testes
• Pancreas
• Thyroid
• Parathyroid
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Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology
Digestive System
• Mouth
• Liver
• Salivary glands
• Bile ducts
• Oropharynx
• Small intestine
• Esophagus
• Large intestine
• Stomach
• Appendix
• Pancreas
• Rectum
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Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology
Urinary System
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Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology
Male Reproductive System
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Chapter 4: Human Anatomy and Physiology
Female Reproductive System
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