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GENE TECHNOLOGY
Chapter 11
11-1 Genetic Engineering
Objectives
 Describe the steps of genetic engineering
experiments
SCS: B-4.9
Genetic engineering – the process of manipulating
genes for practical purposes
- involves the use of recombinant DNA or DNA
made from two or more different organisms
Steps in a genetic engineering experiment
DNA piece is cut from both organisms using
enzymes. Piece is placed inside a vector (another
organism used to carry a gene to another cell).
Examples include viruses, yeast and plasmids.
2. The pieces are “glued” together producing
recombinant DNA
3. Many copies of the gene of interest is made
4. The cells are screened or isolated for the gene of
interest
1.
Gel electrophoresis
 Used to separate DNA fragments for identification
11-2 Genetic Engineering in Medicine and
Society
Objectives
 Describe how genetic engineering has produced
products like medicines
 Summarize the steps involved in making a vaccine
 Describe how gene therapy is being used to treat
genetic disorders
 Identify uses of DNA fingerprinting
 Describe the goals of the Human Genome Project
 SCS: B-4.9
Genetic Engineering and Medicine
 Most genetic disorders are a result of defective
proteins
 Scientist can modify bacteria to produce needed
proteins in large amounts
 Anticoagulants (heart attacks)
 Insulin
 Interferons (viral infections and cancer)
 Human growth hormones (growth defects)
 Factor VIII (hemophilia)
 Vaccines
 A solution containing all or part of a harmless version
of a pathogen (causes diseases)
 Triggers an immune response
Vaccines available
FDA approved vaccines
 Viral infections:
 Hepatitis A
 Hepatitis B
 Influenza
 Japanese B encephalitis
 Measles
 Mumps
 Polio
 Rabies
 Rubella
 Tick-borne encephalitis
 Yellow Fever
Bacterial infections:
 Anthrax
 Diphtheria
 Haemophilus Influenzae b (Hib)
 Meningococcal meningitis
 Pertussis
 Pneumococcal pneumonia
 Tetanus
 Tuberculosis (BCG)
 Typhoid
 Gene therapy
 A technique that involves putting a healthy copy of
the gene into the cells of a person whose copy of the
gene is defective
 Disease being now treated with gene therapy
 Cancer
 Cystic fibrosis
 Hemophilia
 Rheumatoid arthritis
 DNA Fingerprinting
 A pattern of dark band on photographic film that is
made when an individual's DNA fragments are
separated by gel electrophoresis
 Used in paternity cases, crime scene investigation,
identifying genes responsible for genetic disorders
 Human Genome Project
 The goal was to determine the sequence of
nucleotides of the entire human genome
 Completed in 2003
 Mapping other genomes
 At least 15 other genomes have been determined
 Used in biological research
11-3 Genetic Engineering in agriculture
Objectives
 Describes ways in which genetic engineering has
improved agriculture
 Summarize ways in which GE has been uses to
modify farm animals
 Summarize cloning and its uses
 SCS: b-4.9
 Farmers have been selectively breeding crops for
1000s of years
 Chose the plant with the desirable characteristics and
then bred them
 Benefits
 Drought tolerant
 Disease resistant
 Greater yield
 Faster growing times
 taste
Genetic engineering uses in animal farming
 Controlled breeding
 Growth hormones
 Adding human genes to produce human proteins
Transgenic animals
 Animals that have had foreign DNA injected into their
cells
 Cloning
 First clone was in 1997
 Other animals clones:
 Process:
 DNA is taken from a nucleus and replaced with the desired
DNA
 Electric shock applied to induce the cells to replicate
 Replicated mass of cells in placed in a host parent
 Problems with cloning
 Premature aging
 Bringing back extinct animals (is this a good thing?)
 Saving animals from extinction