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Nervous System Action Potential Math Immune Response Immune System 10 10 10 10 10 20 20 20 20 20 30 30 30 30 30 40 40 40 40 40 50 50 50 50 50 Question 1 - 10 Which of these stimuli produce the same type of action potential: smell; taste; touch; sight; sound. Answer 1 – 10 They all send the exact same depolarizing action potential. The difference lies elsewhere… See Nervous System 40 answer for more. Question 1 - 20 What is the general name of a ligand that sends the message across the synaptic cleft to the next neuron? Answer 1 – 20 A neurotransmitter, such as dopamine, acetylcholine, serotonin, etc… Question 1 - 30 Distinguish between the post-synaptic and presynaptic neurons. Answer 1 – 30 The pre-synaptic neuron is the neuron sending the signal (releases neurotransmitter) to the post synaptic neuron (receives neurotransmitter). Question 1 - 40 If all signals that are sent to the brain are created the same, how does the brain know how to interpret the signal? Answer 1 – 40 The neurons send the same signal to different parts of the brain. The different parts of the brain integrate the message differently, leading to a difference in interpretation. Question 1 - 50 What happens when the action potential reaches the end of the axon? Start with the opening of the Ca2+ voltage-gated channels. Answer 1 – 50 1. Calcium enters at the end of the axon. 2. Calcium binds with the vesicles to move them towards the terminal. 3. The vesicles release a neurotransmitter across the synapse. 4. The neurotransmitter binds with the receiving neuron or effector cell. Question 2 - 10 Is the overall charge inside a neuron positive or negative? Answer 2 – 10 Negative. Remember, the positive ions (sodium, Na+) flow in to change the overall charge in the neuron to positive to start the signal (action potential). Question 2 - 20 During depolarization, what occurs? Answer 2 – 20 Sodium (Na+) flows into the cell to make it more positive and begin the action potential (signal). Question 2 - 30 What occurs during the repolarization of the neuron? Answer 2 – 30 Potassium leaves the neuron to return the neuron to resting potential. The N+/K+ pump reestablishes the original placement of the ions. Question 2 - 40 Label the phases that are seen at A, B, and C. A B C Answer 2 – 40 A- Depolarization (Na+ influx) B- Repolarization (K+ out flux) C. Hyperpolarization (excess K+ out flux) Question 2 - 50 If somehow the Na+ gates at the end of the axon were stimulated and opened first, what might happen? Answer 2 – 50 The action potential would travel the opposite direction since there would not be excess cations (positive ions) before that point to keep it from traveling backwards. The Ca2+ gates would likely also open and continue that direction. Question 3 - 10 Calculate the range: 2, 3, 5, 5, 6 Answer 3 – 10 Range is the difference from the maximum to minimum values given. 6-2 = 4. Question 3 - 20 Calculate the mode: 2, 3, 5, 5, 6 Answer 3 – 20 Mode is the value found most often. With the sequence given: 2, 3, 5, 5, 6; 5 is the mode. Question 3 - 30 Calculate the median: 2, 3, 5, 5, 6 Answer 3 – 30 The median is the number found in the middle of a given set of numbers. With 2, 3, 5, 5, 6; 5 is the middle value. Question 3 - 40 Calculate the mean. 2, 3, 5, 5, 6 Answer 3 – 40 The mean is the average. Add all of the numbers together, and divide by how many numbers are present in the set. 2 + 3 + 5 + 5 + 6 = 21 21/5 = 4.2 Question 3 - 50 Once upon a time Coach Elliott had 2 green markers. He subsequently only had in his possession one green marker. Now, he has none. What is the mean? Answer 3 – 50 1(One); one person; RILEY = one person = mean. Question 4 - 10 How do cell distinguish between self and pathogens? Answer 4 – 10 Direct contact/communication. They feel for surface proteins and if it is an unknown protein, it knows it does not belong. Question 4 - 20 Describe the humoral response starting after IL-2 is released. Answer 4 – 20 Once Interluekin-2 is released, the humoral response begins with the arrival of Blymphocytes (B cells). They will become mature B cells (and memory B cells) and create antibodies based on the shape of the antigen that the T-helper cell presents. Question 4 - 30 Describe the cell mediated response starting with the release of IL-2. Answer 4 – 30 Interluekin 2 is released from helper T-cells to summon T lymphocytes. These cytotoxic Tcells will “learn” what surface protein they are looking for (memory T-cells will also be created) and seek and destroy those cells using perforin to punch holes in the pathogen or infected cell’s cell membrane. Question 4 - 40 A mother is Rh+ for her blood type (A+, O+, it doesn’t matter). Her child is Rh-. Is there any risk of the unborn child being attacked by antibodies? Why or why not? Answer 4 – 40 No, if the mother is Rh+, then she will not produce any antibodies. There is only risk when the mother is Rh- and the child is Rh+. Question 4 - 50 In 4 to 5 brief sentences, describe the specific immune response. Answer 4 – 50 Non-brief version. A macrophage comes in contact with a pathogen and consumes it, breaking it into pieces, and presenting the antigen while releasing interleukin 1. IL1 attracts Helper T cells that receive the antigen and then call in other immune cells using IL2. B and T lymphocytes respond to IL2 and become programmed to make antibodies to bind with (B cells) or to seek and destroy (cytotoxic T cells) pathogens/infected cells. Question 5 - 10 What is an example of innate, non-specific immunity? Answer 5 – 10 Your skin, mucous, “good” bacteria. Question 5 - 20 These things are produced by mature B cells and help “tag” pathogens and free antigens by binding to them. Answer 5 – 20 Antibodies! Question 5 - 30 These cells, sometimes called antigen-presenting cells, consume pathogens and send out IL-1. Answer 5 – 30 Macrophages! COME SEE WHAT I HAVE DONE!!! Question 5 - 40 In order to provide specific immunity to further infections of the same kind, two types of this are created. Answer 5 – 40 Memory cells, both B and T. Question 5 - 50 The following picture is an example of a positive feedback loop. Infer what a positive feedback loop is. Answer 5 – 50 A positive feedback loop is when a process’s product or end result eventually causes even more of the product/result to occur. This typically leads to an increase in disorder/entropy. Final Jeopardy • =(