Download Unit 08

Unit 8:
Motivation, Emotion and
Stress
Unit 08 - Overview
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Motivational Concepts
Hunger Motivation
Sexual Motivation
Social Motivation: Affiliation Needs
Theories and Physiology of Emotion
Expressed Emotion
Stress and Health
Stress and Illness
Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.
Module 37:
Motivational Concepts
Introduction
• Motivation
Instincts and Evolutionary
Psychology
Instincts and Evolutionary
Psychology
• Instinct (fixed pattern)
–Instincts in animals
–Instincts in humans
Drives and Motivations
Drives and Motivations
• Drive-reduction theory
–Homeostasis
–Need
–Drive
–Drive reduction
Drives and Motivations
• Drive-reduction theory
–Homeostasis
–Need
–Drive
–Drive reduction
Drives and Motivations
• Drive-reduction theory
–Homeostasis
–Need
–Drive
–Drive reduction
Drives and Motivations
• Incentive
–Positive and negative
Optimum Arousal
Optimum Arousal
• Arousal
–Optimum level of arousal
–Yerkes-Dodson Law
A Hierarchy of Motives
A Hierarchy of Motives
• Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
–Variations in the hierarchy
A Hierarchy of Motives
A Hierarchy of Motives
A Hierarchy of Motives
A Hierarchy of Motives
A Hierarchy of Motives
A Hierarchy of Motives
A Hierarchy of Motives
Motivational Theories
Strengths and Weaknesses
Motivational Theories
Strengths and Weaknesses
Motivational Theories
Strengths and Weaknesses
Motivational Theories
Strengths and Weaknesses
Motivational Theories
Strengths and Weaknesses
Motivational Theories
Strengths and Weaknesses
Motivational Theories
Strengths and Weaknesses
Motivational Theories
Strengths and Weaknesses
Motivational Theories
Strengths and Weaknesses
Motivational Theories
Strengths and Weaknesses
Motivational Theories
Strengths and Weaknesses
Motivational Theories
Strengths and Weaknesses
Motivational Theories
Strengths and Weaknesses
Module 38:
Hunger Motivation
The Physiology of Hunger
The Physiology of Hunger
• Contractions of the stomach
–Washburn study
The Physiology of Hunger
Body Chemistry and the Brain
• Glucose
• Insulin
• Hypothalamus
–Lateral hypothalamus
• orexin
–Vetromedial
hypothalamus
The Physiology of Hunger
Body Chemistry and the Brain
• Appetite hormones
–Ghrelin
–Obestatin
–PYY
–Leptin
• Set point
• Basal metabolic rate
The Physiology of Hunger
Body Chemistry and the Brain
The Psychology of Hunger
The Psychology of Hunger
Taste Preferences: Biology and
Culture
• Taste preferences
–Genetic: sweet and salty
–Neophobia
–Adaptive
taste
preferences
The Psychology of Hunger
Taste Preferences: Biology and
Culture
The Psychology of Hunger
Situational Influences on Eating
• Do you eat more when eating with
others?
• Unit bias
• Food variety
Obesity and Weight Control
Obesity and Weight Control
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The Physiology of Obesity
Set point and metabolism
The genetic factor
The food and activity factors
–Social
influence
Obesity and Weight Control
Module 39:
Sexual Motivation
The Physiology of Sex
The Physiology of Sex
The Sexual Response Cycle
• Sexual response cycle
–Excitement phase
–Plateau phase
–Orgasm
–Resolution phase
• Refractory period
The Physiology of Sex
Sexual Dysfunctions and
Paraphilias
• Sexual Dysfunctions
–Erectile disorder
–Premature ejaculation
–Female orgasmic disorder
–Paraphilias
• Exhibitionism, fetishism, pedophilia
The Physiology of Sex
Hormones and Sexual Behavior
• Effects of hormones
–Development of sexual characteristics
–Activate sexual behavior
• Estrogen
• Testosterone
The Psychology of Sex
The Psychology of Sex
• External stimuli
• Imagined stimuli
–Dreams
–Sexual fantasies
The Psychology of Sex
The Psychology of Sex
The Psychology of Sex
The Psychology of Sex
Module 40:
Social Motivation: Affiliation
Needs
Introduction
• Aristotle’s social animal
• Need to belong – affiliation need
The Benefits of Belonging
The Benefits of Belonging
• Enhanced survival
• How belonging influences our
thoughts and emotions
• Attachment
–Anxious
attachment
–Insecure
avoidant
attachment
The Pain of Being Shut Out
The Pain of Being Shut Out
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Ostracism
Cyberostracism
Anterior cingulate cortex
Influences
on behavior
Connecting and Social
Networking
Connecting and Social Networking
Mobile Networks and Social
Media
• Cell phones
• Texting and email
• Facebook and twitter
Connecting and Social Networking
The Social Effects of Social
Networking
• Have social networking sites made us
more, or less, socially isolated?
• Does electronic communication stimulate
healthy self-disclosure?
• Do social networking profiles and posts
reflect people’s actual personalities?
– Does social networking promote
narcissism?
Module 41:
Theories and Physiology of
Emotion
Cognition and Emotion
Cognition and Emotion
• Emotions
–Bodily arousal
–Expressive behaviors
–Conscious
experience
Cognition and Emotion
Historical Emotion Theories
• Common Sense theory
• James-Lange theory
• Cannon-Bard theory
–Lower spine injuries
–High spinal cord injury
Cognition and Emotion
Cognition Can Define Emotion:
Schachter and Singer
• Two-factor theory
–Schachter-Singer
–Spillover effect
Cognition and Emotion
Cognition May Not Proceed
Emotion: Zajonc, LeDoux & Lazarus
• Robert Zajonc
• LeDoux’s high and low road
Cognition and Emotion
Cognition May Not Proceed
Emotion: Zajonc, LeDoux & Lazarus
• Lazarus
Cognition and Emotion
Cognition May Not Proceed
Emotion: Zajonc, LeDoux & Lazarus
• Lazarus
Cognition and Emotion
Cognition May Not Proceed
Emotion: Zajonc, LeDoux & Lazarus
• Lazarus
Embodied Emotion
Embodied Emotion
Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System
• Autonomic nervous system
–Sympathetic nervous system
• arousing
–Parasympathetic
nervous system
• Calming
–Yerkes Dodson Law
–Fight or flee
Embodied Emotion
Emotions and the Autonomic
Nervous System
Embodied Emotion
Emotions and the Autonomic
Nervous System
Embodied Emotion
Emotions and the Autonomic
Nervous System
Embodied Emotion
The Physiology of Emotions
• Insula
• Brain
circuits
• Left
frontal
lobe
Module 42:
Expressed Emotion
Detecting Emotion in Others
Detecting Emotion in Others
• Nonverbal cues
–Duchenne smile
Gender, Emotion, and
Nonverbal Behavior
Gender, Emotion, and
Nonverbal Behavior
Gender, Emotion, and
Nonverbal Behavior
Culture and Emotional
Expression
Culture and Emotional
Expression
Culture and Emotional
Expression
The Effects of Facial
Expressions
The Effects of Facial
Expressions
• Facial feedback effect
• Health psychology
Module 43:
Stress and Health
Stress: Some Basic Concepts
Stress: Some Basic Concepts
• Stress
–Stress appraisal
Stress: Some Basic Concepts
Stressors – Things that Push
Our Buttons
• Catastrophes
• Significant life changes
• Daily hassles
Stress: Some Basic Concepts
The Stress Response System
• Selye’s general adaptation
syndrome (GAS)
–Alarm
–Resistance
–Exhaustion
• Tend-and-befriend
Stress: Some Basic Concepts
The Stress Response System
General Adaptation Syndrome
Stress: Some Basic Concepts
The Stress Response System
General Adaptation Syndrome
Stress: Some Basic Concepts
The Stress Response System
General Adaptation Syndrome
Stress: Some Basic Concepts
The Stress Response System
General Adaptation Syndrome
Module 44:
Stress and Illness
Introduction
• Psychophysiological illnesses
• Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)
–Lymphocytes
• B lymphocytes
• T lymphocytes
• Macrophage
• Natural killer cells (NK cells)
Stress and Susceptibility to
Disease
Stress and Susceptibility to
Disease
• Stress and AIDS
• Stress and Cancer
• Stress and Heart
Disease
–Coronary heart
disease
–Type A
–Type B
Stress and Susceptibility to
Disease
Stress and Susceptibility to
Disease
Stress and Susceptibility to
Disease
The End
Definition
Slides
Motivation
= a need or desire that energizes and directs
behavior.
Instinct
= a complex, unlearned behavior that is
rigidly patterned throughout a species.
Drive-Reduction Theory
= the idea that a physiological need creates
an aroused tension state (a drive) that
motivates an organism to satisfy the need.
Homeostasis
= a tendency to maintain a balanced or
constant internal state; the regulation of
any aspect of body chemistry, such as
blood glucose, around a particular level.
Incentive
= a positive or negative environment
stimulus that motivates behavior.
Yerkes-Dodson Law
= the principle that performance increases
with arousal only up to a point, beyond
which performance decreases.
Hierarchy of Needs
= Maslow’s pyramid of human needs,
beginning at the base with physiological
needs that must first be satisfied before
higher-level safety needs and then
psychological needs become active.
Glucose
= the form of sugar that circulates in the
blood and provides the major source of
energy for body tissues. When its level is
low, we feel hunger.
Set Point
= the point at which an individual’s “weight
thermostat” is supposedly set. When the
body falls below this weight, an increase in
hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may
act to restore the lost weight.
Basal Metabolic Rate
= the body’s resting rate of energy
expenditure.
Sexual Response Cycle
= the four stages of sexual responding
described by Masters and Johnson –
excitement, plateau, orgasm, and
resolution.
Refractory Period
= a resting period after orgasm, during which
a man cannot achieve another orgasm.
Sexual Dysfunction
= a problem that consistently impairs sexual
arousal or functioning.
Estrogens
= sex hormones, such as estradiol, secreted
in greater amount by females than males
and contributing to female sex
characteristics. In nonhuman female
mammals, estrogen levels peak during
ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity.
Testosterone
= the most important of the male sex
hormones. Both males and females have
it, but the additional testosterone in males
stimulates the growth of the male sex
organs in the fetus and the development of
the male sex characteristics during
puberty.
Emotion
= a response of the whole organism,
involving
• (1) physiological arousal,
• (2) expressive behaviors, and
• (3) conscious experience.
James-Lange Theory
= the theory that our experience of emotion
is our awareness of our physiological
responses to emotion-arousing stimuli.
Cannon-Bard Theory
= the theory that an emotion-arousing
stimulus simultaneously triggers
• (1) physiological responses and
• (2) the subjective experience of emotion.
Two-Factor Theory
= the Schachter-Singer theory that to
experience emotion one must (1) by
physically aroused and (2) cognitively
label the arousal.
Polygraph
= a machine, commonly used in attempts to
detect lies, that measures several of the
physiological responses (such as
perspiration and cardiovascular and
breathing changes) accompanying
emotion.
Facial Feedback Effect
= the tendency of facial muscle states to
trigger corresponding feelings such as
fear, anger, and happiness.
Health Psychology
= a subfield of psychology that provides
psychology's contribution to behavioral
medicine.
Stress
= the process by which we perceive and
respond to certain events, called
stressors, that we appraise as threatening
or challenging.
General Adaptation Syndrome
(GAS)
= Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive
response to stress in three phases –
alarm, resistance, exhausion.
Tend-and-Befriend Response
= under stress, people (especially women)
often provide support to others (tend) and
bond with and seek support from others
(befriend).
Psychophysiological Illness
= literally, “mind-body” illness; any stressrelated physical illness, such as
hypertension and some headaches.
Psychoneuroimmunology
= the study of how psychological, neural,
and endocrine processes together affect
the immune system and resulting health.
Lymphocytes
= the two types of white blood cells that are
part of the body’s immune system; B
lymphocytes form in the bone marrow and
release antibodies that fight bacterial
infections; T lymphocytes form in the
thymus and other lymphatic tissue and
attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign
substances.
Coronary Heart Disease
= the clogging of the vessels that nourish the
heart muscle; the leading cause of death
in many developed countries.
Type A
= Friedman and Rosenman’s term for
competitive, hard-driving, impatient,
verbally aggressive, and anger-prone
people.
Type B
= Friedman and Rosenman’s term for
easygoing, relaxed people.