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Immunity and Infection
Chapter 17
Chain of Infection
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Transmitted through a chain (six links)
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Pathogen - disease causing microorganism
Reservoir - natural environment of the
pathogen: Person, animal or
environmental component
Portal of Exit
Means of transmission
• Direct transmission
• Indirect transmission
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Portal of entry
New host
Breaking the Chain
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Body’s Defense System
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Physical and Chemical barriers
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Skin, mucous membranes, respiratory tract
Immunulogical Defenders
• Neutrophils
• Macrophages
• Lymphocytes
• T-cells
• Helper, Killer, and Suppressor
• B-cells
• Antibodies
• Memory T and B cells
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The Body’s Defense System
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The Inflammatory Response.
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Histamine.
• Dilation of blood vessels, heat, redness,
and swelling.
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Body’s Defense System
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Immune Response
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Phase 1 – Macrophages
Phase 2 – Helper T cells multiply
• Production of Killer T and B cells
• Cytokines
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Phase 3 – Killer T cells strike
• Cell-mediated immune
• Anti-body mediated immune response
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Phase 4 – Last Phase –
• Suppressor T-cells
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Immunization
The process of ‘priming’ the body to remember an
encounter with a specific antigen.
 VACCINE- Introduction of a killed or weakened
pathogen to stimulate the body to produce antibodies.
(active immunity).
 PASSIVE IMMUNITY- Injection of
antibodies produced by other human beings or
animals.
 ACQUIRED IMMUNITY-The ability of a
memory lymphocytes to remember a previous
infection. (chicken pox).
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Allergy
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The Body’s Defense System Gone
Haywire
Allergies
 Allergens
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• Pollen, Dander, Dust mites, Molds, Food,
Insects
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The Allergic response
• Immunoglobulin (IgE)
• Anaphylaxis
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Dealing With Allergies
Avoidance
 Medication
 Immunotherapy
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Type of Pathogens
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Bacterium –
Microscopic single celled
organism
 Pneumonia
 Meningitis
 Strep Throat and other streptococcal
infections
 Toxic shock and other staphylococcal
 Tuberculosis
 Lyme Disease
 Ulcers
 Antibiotic Treatment
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Type of Pathogens
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Viruses
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Common Cold
Influenza
Measles, Mumps and Rubella
Chickenpox, Cold Sores
Other Herpes virus infections
Viral encephalitis
Viral Hepatitis
Poliomyelitis
Rabies
Warts
Treatment
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Types of Pathogens
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Fungus –
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Protozoan –
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Microscopic single-celled animal – Malaria, African
sleeping sickness.
Parasitic worm –
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Primitive plant – Yeast infections, athletes foot
Largest organism that can enter the body – Tapeworm,
Hookworm, and Pinworm.
Prions 
Fetal degeneration disorders of the CNS, linked to
“proteinaceous infectious partilces.
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Emerging Infectious
Diseases
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Drug Resistance
Poverty
The breakdown of public health measures
Environmental changes
Travel and Commerce
Mass food production and Distribution
Human Behaviors
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Other Immune Disorders
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Cancer and Autoimmune Diseases
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If the immune system breaks down
• Getting older
• HIV infection
• Chemotherapy
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Autoimmune diseases
• Rheumatoid arthritis
• Systemic lupus erythmatosus
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Giving Yourself a Fighting
Chance
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How to support your immune
system
Public Health
 Taking care of yourself
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• Nutrition
• Exercise
• Rest
• Moderation of Lifestyle
• Controlling Stress
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Thank You!
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