Download Human Immunodeficieny virus

Claudia Grover
and
Emily Gustafson-Plummer
2 types of HIV *HIV is the virus that will eventually progress into AIDS
when it gets worse*
Transferred from primates to human during the late 19th – 20th century
Not until the late 1970’s AIDS began to show up in the US

HIV-1:
 More virulent and is
transmitted easier. Most HIV
researchers agree that it was
transmitted to humans by
chimpanzees to gorillas and
then to humans because HIV
is closely related to SIV (an
epidemic in wild ape
populations)
 what is referred to when just
saying HIV because that is
what is around the globe

HIV-2

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SIV strains from wild
sooty manabeys to
humans overtime
mostly confined to West
Africa
This case study was on Mrs. M.R. (the only given) and she was a Hispanic
female in her late thirties. She was experiencing flu like symptoms
and self medicating with over the counter medicine until she fainted
after getting out of bed. She decided to consult a physician. She was
highly dehydrated when admitted to a hospital, and that was able to
be fixed by various fluids but her RPR indicated she needed to be test
for syphilis. She then admitted she had been having unprotected sex
with a new male and that she wasn’t aware of his sexual history. She
consulted to a HIV viral test and the results came up positive. Her CD4 cells were 750mm^3 when average is 800-1500mm^3. She was
classified of being in stage one of HIV (acute phase) and was
immediately put on antiretroviral to help with her condition. Because
she was detected early enough and was able to get on the
antiretroviral medication she had a much better chance of surviving.
She was scheduled for follow up visits to keep count of her HIV viral
count. She experienced night terrors as a side effect of her
medication. Her HIV viral count went down (by over 100,000) in six
weeks and is still on her way to recovery, but HIV is a very
unpredictable virus and any thing can happen at anytime because
there is no cure.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a virus that will lead to acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).

HIV is known as a retrovirus, but is in even a more specific group called a lentiiviruses
(slow virus) meaning there is a long incubation time between infection and symptoms
showing.

HIV has a high mutation rate during replication with the reverse transcriptase

“The ends of each strand of HIV RNA contain an RNA sequence called the long terminal
repeat (LTR). Regions in the LTR act as switches to control production of new viruses and
can be triggered by proteins from either HIV or the host cell”

There are some patients that are Long Term Nonprogressors that are infected with the
virus but show no symptoms.
•
•
•
•
HIV targets immune cells
(CD4 T-helper cells)
When CD4 T-cells count get
lower than 200cells/mm^3
then they have AIDS
HIV is a spherical virus with
an envelope comprised of a
lipid bilayer and surface
glycoproteins
HIV primarily attacks CD4+
helper T cells by
recognizing and binding the
CD4 receptor on the surface
of the T cells







HIV/AIDS is very deadly & has a high mortality rate
Little to no symptoms until about 2-4 weeks (could be up to
three months) after infected
Symptoms can mimic a bad case of the flu
Latency (or chronic) phase can last up to ten years before
passing away
Common symptoms: fatigue, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, fever,
chills, and wasting syndrome at late stages
People infected with AIDS don’t end up dying from HIV virus
itself , overtime HIV wears the immune system by decreasing
the WBC (which help fight foreign viruses and bacteria)
Death can occur from a common cold or flu just because their
immune system is so weakened (opportunistic infection)
 Sex
 Sharing needles (directly into
blood veins)
 Mother to baby through breast milk
 Most
common places it is and can be
transmitted is in blood, semen, vaginal
fluids, breast milk, and other body fluids
that contain blood.

Common in homosexual male couples

Cannot be transmitted through kissing or casual blood contact which
is thought by many.

AIDS cannot live outside the body and need direct contact to be
transmitted.
HIV tests look for HIV antibodies:
When tested for HIV virus the doctors are NOT testing for the virus
it’s self, but testing for the patients response to the virus (WBC count
and CD-4 Helper T-cells)

Blood Test
Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
 Western Blot (test for specific viral components)


Saliva & Urine Tests
Rapid ELISA
 Preliminary – requires further testing

All test methods are FDA approved
 Regular testing is required as it can take up to 3
months to develop the antibody after exposure

 Prevention:
Use condoms
 Medication (for highrisk individuals)
 Tell partner HIV
status
 Use clean needles
 Pregnancy treatment
 Male circumcision
(this may be a
prevention, unknown
at this time)
 Education

 Treatment:



NO cure
NO vaccine
Combination of
medications to
control virus
replication and entry
into CD4 cells
 United
States
 Oregon
(2011)
(2012)
Diagnoses: 49,273
Diagnoses: 257
(cdc.gov)
(oregon.gov)
 Deadly in
many cases
 Does not currently have a cure or vaccine
 Prevention is possible with proper education
and treatment
 Affects many people worldwide

www.mayoclinic.com


www.HIVinfosource.org

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Disease research institute
http://aids.gov/hiv-aids-basics/hiv-aids-101/signs-and-symptoms/

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Nursing education and information publication
http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/hivaids/understanding/biology/Pages/stru
cture.aspx
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Free content encyclopedia
http://www.rn.com/getpdf.php/679.pdf?Main_Session=9a8c4e9fa25db5715
8191284da15878b
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
Research clinic for men and women who are HIV +
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_HIV/AIDS
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Medical professional research website
Government AIDS information and education website
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/resources/qa/transmission.htm

Government disease information and tracking website