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Introduction to Psychology Chapter 1 Definition Psychology – study of human and anima behavior and mental processes How people think How people feel How people behave Hypothesis – educated guess Theory – ideas that are tested, but not proven Scientific Method Identify problem Formulate hypothesis Test hypothesis Collect data Analyze data Identify Problem Students with ADD have problems sitting in a classroom for entire class period Formulate hypothesis If the teacher has the student assigned to tasks to get the child out of their seat periodically the child will be able to pay attention for the rest of the amount of time Test Hypothesis Create the tasks for the student and have them complete the tasks Collect the data Document the child’s attention span during “learning times” Analyze Data Was there a change in the students attention? Goals of psychology Describe Explain Predict Control Describe A student that is depressed will sleep more often, change friends, possibly use drugs and alcohol Explain They change friends because of the use of drugs/alcohol They lack seratonin in the brain Predict A student with depression will struggle in school unless they get help Control Put the child on medication that increases serotonin Get the child therapy History of Psychology Ancient greeks – people were dominated by the gods 1600’s – dualism – world is divided into 2 parts, mind and matter Rene Descartes – link between mind and matter End of 1600’s – John Locke John Locke Empiricism – all knowledge obtained from observation and experience Tabula Rosa – blank slate Sir Francis Galton 1869 Hereditary influences Believed in nature Began nature vs. nurture debate Psychology as a Science Wilhelm Wundt (1879) – founder of psychology Physiologist but interested in studying the mind Introspection – method of selfobservation William James interested in conscious mind Thinking, feeling, remembering Ivan Pavlov 1904 Classical conditioning Training a reflex Sigmund Freud 1938 Interested in Unconscious mind Primitive biological urges Free association – say whatever comes to mind (uncover unconscious thoughts) Dream analysis – similar to free association but used dreams B.F. Skinner 1940’s Observable behavior Operant conditioning Train a voluntary response Ideas used to toilet train, lose weight, quit smoking Research Samples – selecting a small group to study Must represent wide variety of population Biased sample When your sample isn’t representative of entire population Avoiding biased sample Random sampling Ex. Draw from a hat Stratified sampling Ex. Researcher picks to represent all subgroups Sample size Types of research Correlation Experiment Naturalistic observation Case study Survey Longitudinal study Cross - cultural Correlation Relationship between 2 sets of data Positive correlation – high value for one variable corresponds to a high value of another variable Negative correlation – high value for one variable corresponds to a low value of another variable Experiment Independent variable (IV) – variable the experimenter delibrately controls Dependant variable (DV) – variable researchers believe will be affected by the IV Control group – doesn’t research treatment (placebo) Experimental group – subjects undergo treatment Naturalistic observation Observing human/animals in natural setting Ad. Get accurate behavior Dis. Hard to be in natural setting Case study Intense study of an individual or small group over a period of time Ad. Look at individual problem Dis. Sample size too small Survey Practical way to gather data on beliefs, attitudes, actions of a large group Ad. eliminates research bias Dis. Subjects could lie Longitudinal study Study the same group of subjects over a long period of time Ad. Consistent and inconsistent behavior Dis. Time consuming Cross-Cultural Study Comparison of people’s beliefs, values, behaviors from different cultures