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Chapter One: Intro/History
I.
Why Study Psychology?
II.
Overview of Goals of Psychology
III. A Brief History of Psychology
IV. Psychology as a Profession
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I. Why Study Psychology?
• Insight
• Practical Information
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Psychology
• The scientific study of behavior and mental
processes. Such study can involve both
animal and human behavior. When applied
to humans, psychology covers everything that
people think, feel, and do.
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The Goals of Psychology
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Description
Explanation
Prediction
Control
– Basic Science
– Applied Science
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II. Goals Of Psychology
• Description
• Explanation
• Prediction
• Control
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Description
• Gather information
• State the facts
(What it is)
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Explanation
• Formulate hypotheses
• Develop theories
(Why it is)
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Hypothesis
• An educated guess about the relationship
between two variables
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Theory
• An integrated set of principles that organizes,
explains, and predicts observations.
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Exploring Psychology, Myers, 1990
Prediction
• Study theories and descriptive accounts of
past behaviors
• Predict subsequent behaviors
(What it will be)
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Control
• Influence or manipulate behavior
– Basic science
– Applied science
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Basic Science
• The pursuit of knowledge about natural
phenomena for its own sake (to gain
knowledge simply for the sake of knowledge)
(acquire knowledge)
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Applied Science
• Discovering ways to use scientific findings to
accomplish practical goals
(use knowledge)
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Hypothesis-building
Studies done on Orphanage Children
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Dennis, W. “Causes of Retardation Among
Institutional
Children: Iran.” Journal of Genetic Psychology, 96 (1960):47-58 – Applied or Basic?
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White, B.L. “Child Development Research: An Edifice Without a
Foundation.” Merrill- Palmer Quarterly of Behavior and
Development, 15 (1969): 49-79
– Applied or Basic?
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Shaffer (1993)
Applied or Basic?
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The Scientific Method
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State the problem
Develop a hypothesis
Conduct research
Organize and interpret data
Draw conclusions
Communicate the results
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Psychology: A Concise Introduction, Pettijohn, 1992
III. A Brief History of Psychology
A. Psychology as a Discipline
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A. Psychology as a Discipline Early History
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Stone Age
BC: The Ancient Greeks
The Middle Ages
16th century: Copernicus and Galileo
17th century: Descartes and the pseudosciences
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1. The Stone Age
• Trephining
• Evil spirits
• Archeology
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Trephining
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Trephining
Instruments
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2. The Ancient Greeks
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The will of the gods
Aristotle
Hippocrates
Galen
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Aristotle
• Greek philosopher
• People are rational, thinking
organisms
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Hippocrates
• The Father of Modern
Medicine
• Mental and emotional
problems have natural
causes
• Some disorders are caused
by head injury
• Some mental and physical
characteristics are inherited
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Ancient Greeks
• Observation as a means of knowing the world
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The Natural World: Four Basic
Elements
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Fire
Air
Earth
Water
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The Natural World: Four Basic
Elements
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Fire
Air
Earth
Water
Warm
Cool
Dry
Moist
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The Four Humors
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Blood (warm and moist)
Black bile (cold and dry)
Yellow bile (warm and dry)
Phlegm (cold and moist)
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Galen
• Greek physician
• Personality types
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Galen: Personality Types
• An excess of…
– blood
=
– black bile
=
– yellow bile
=
– phlegm
=
sanguine personality
(cheerful, warm-hearted)
melancholic personality
(sad)
choleric personality
(hot-tempered)
phlegmatic personality
(apathetic)
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3. The Middle Ages
• Witchcraft
• Demon possession
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4. The 16th Century
• Nicolaus Copernicus
• Galileo Galilei
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Nicolaus Copernicus
• Polish astronomer
• The sun is the center of
the universe
• Observations on the
movements of planets
in the solar system
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Galileo Galilei
• Italian astronomer and
physicist
• Telescope confirms star
positions and
movements
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The 16th Century
• Introduced the concept of observation as an
element of scientific study (Copernicus)
• Introduced the concept of experimentation as
an element of scientific study (Galileo)
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5. The 17th Century
• Dualism
• Rene Descartes
• Pseudo-sciences
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Dualism
• Philosophy which teaches that the mind and
body are separate and distinct from each
other.
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Rene Descartes
• French philosopher
• Extended dualism
• The mind and body
work together to create
a person’s experiences
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The Pseudo-sciences
• Phrenology
• Physiognomy
• Typology
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Phrenology
• The study of personality
based on the ‘bumps’ of
the skull
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Modern Science
• A combination of…
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Philosophy
Logic
Math
Observation
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Psychology as a Discipline Basic Theories
• Structuralism
• Functionalism
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Structuralism
• Thoughts have structure, just as a molecule
does
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Structuralism
• Wilhelm Wundt
• German physiologist
• Laboratory of
Psychology,1879
• University of Leipzig,
Germany
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Structuralism
• The mind must be studied as scientifically as
other ‘natural laws’
Wundt, Wilhelm, Principles of Physiological Psychology, 1878
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Introspection
• A detailed examination of one’s own thinking
• A controlled situation with trained subjects
reporting their thoughts so that the basic
structure of thought processes can be
mapped
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Functionalism
• The functions of the human mind -- thinking,
feeling, learning, remembering -- exist to help
man survive as a species
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William James
• founded the
Functionalist branch of
psychology
• Established the first
American psychology
laboratory, at Harvard
College
• Principles of
Psychology (1890)
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A Brief History of Psychology
B. Psychology as the Study of...
1)
2)
3)
4)
Unconscious Processes
Individual Differences
Observable Behavior
Cognitive Processes
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1.) Unconscious Processes
• Psychoanalysis
• Study of the unconscious mind
• Sigmund Freud
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Sigmund Freud
• Viennese doctor
• Unconscious, or
subconscious, mind
• Biological/sociological
conflict
• Free association
(talking cure)
• Dream analysis
• Case studies
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2.) Individual Differences
• Sir Francis Galton
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Sir Francis Galton
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English mathematician
Heredity/genius
Nature vs. Nurture
Secondary research
Personality/IQ tests
Inquiries into Human Faculty
and Its Development (1883)
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3.) Observable Behavior
• Behaviorism
• Humanistic Psychology
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Behaviorism
• Ivan Pavlov
• John B. Watson
• B. F. Skinner
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Ivan Pavlov
• Russian physiologist
• Nobel Prize (1904)
• The mechanics of
digestion
• Classical conditioning
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Classical Conditioning
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UCS = unconditioned stimulus
UCR = unconditioned response
NS = neutral stimulus
CS = conditioned stimulus
CR = conditioned response
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Pavlov’s Experiment
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Classical Conditioning Paradigm
• Before Conditioning:
– UCS ----> UCR
– NS ----> No response
• During Conditioning:
– UCS + CS ----> UCR
• After Conditioning:
– CS ----> CR
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Classical Conditioning Paradigm
• Before Conditioning:
– UCS (meat) ----> UCR (salivation)
– NS (tone) ----> No response
• During Conditioning:
– UCS (meat) + CS (Tone) ---->
UCR (salivation)
• After Conditioning:
– CS (tone) ----> CR (salivation)
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Behaviorism
• Behavior occurs as a result of learning
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John B. Watson
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Father of Behaviorism
Prior learning
Observable behavior
Little Albert Experiment
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B. F. Skinner
• Stimulus-Response (SR) psychology
• Walden II (1949)
• Beyond Freedom and
Dignity (1971)
• Reinforcement
• Teaching machine
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Humanistic Psychology
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The third force
Backlash to behaviorism
Study of the individual as a whole person
Self-actualization
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Carl Rogers
• Believed
behaviorism was
de-humanizing
• Human nature is
naturally active,
not reactive.
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Abraham Maslow
Self-Actualization
Hierarchy of Needs
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Humanism
• Behaviorism is de-humanizing
• Deprives man of free will
• Human nature is active, not reactive
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4.) Cognitive Psychology
• Study of cognitive processes
• Internal knowledge
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Jean Piaget
• Theory of PsychoSocial Development
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Cognitive Psychology
• Behavior is affected by…
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Perception
Interpretation
Thinking
Problem-solving
Assessment of knowledge
Use of language
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IV. Psychology as a Profession
A. What is a Psychologist?
B. Specialty Fields in Psychology
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A. Psychiatry vs.. Psychology
• A psychiatrist’s training ...
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medical doctor
specialty in psychiatric medicine
hospital or private practice
freely prescribe medicines
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Psychiatry vs.. Psychology
• A psychologist’s training …
– observe and analyze patterns of behavior
– develop theories of behavior
– apply knowledge to influence behavior
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B. Specialty Fields
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Clinical psychology
Counseling psychology
Personality psychology
Social psychology
Developmental
psychology
• Educational psychology
• Community psychology
• Industrial/Organizational
psychology
• Experimental psychology
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