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1. Who were the “midnight judges”? Judges who received their appointments only hours before John Adams left office. 2. What is the relationship between the Lewis and Clark expedition and St. Louis? St. Louis was the starting and ending point of the journey 3. What law did the Supreme Court use in deciding Marbury v. Madison? Judiciary Act of 1789 4. What decision did Jefferson make, even though Federalists had opposed it? To decrease military spending by reducing the size of the army and navy. 5. What motivated Thomas Jefferson to send Lewis and Clark to the Louisiana Purchase? To learn about the West and find a river route to the Pacific Ocean. 6. What motivated Lewis and Clark to bring Sacagawea on the expedition? To serve as a guide and interpreter 7. What was the result of the case of Marbury vs. Madison? Marbury demanded that the Supreme Court exercise its powers granted by the Judiciary Act of 1789. 8. What was the importance of the Supreme Court’s decision in Marbury v. Madison? It established the principle of judicial review. 9. When the House of Representatives had to determine the winner to the 1824 presidential election, how did Henry Clay influence the vote? by backing John Quincy Adams 10. How would you describe the power held by slave states in Congress in 1819? Equal power in the Senate and less power in the House. 11. How would you state why Southerners opposed protective tariffs? Their region had little industry and relied heavily on imported goods. 12. How would you generalize the beliefs of Jackson’s supporters in regard to his election? A victory for the common people. 13. How would you describe why more poor white men gained suffrage in the 1820s and 1830s? Because many states eliminated property ownership as a qualification for voting. 14. What motivated the Sauk to fight with the U.S. government? Because federal officials ordered the removal of all American Indians from Illinois. 15. What was the function of the Indian Removal Act? to open land in the Southeast to American farmers 16.What does the phrase “Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable!” reflect? Daniel Webster’s opposition to nullification. 17. How would you generalize the beliefs of states’ rights supporters? The power of the federal government is strictly limited by the Constitution. 18. How would you describe Henry Clay beliefs about internal improvements such as roads and canals? that they would make trade easier and connect the regions of the country 19. How would you express why Jackson vetoed legislation to renew the Second Bank of the United States’ charter? He believed that the Bank was too powerful. 20. What was the motive of the First Seminole War? when General Jackson and his troops invaded Florida without presidential authorization 21. How would you identify the source of funding for the Erie Canal? the taxpayers of New York 22. What influenced the works of James Fenimore Cooper and Washington Irving? nationalism 23. Using the list below, how would you identify which of the following are related to the issues of nullification? I. South Carolina Exposition and Protest, II. Webster-Hayne debate, III. Second Bank of the U.S., IV. Panic of 1837 I and II only 24. When South Carolina passed a resolution claiming nullification of the 1828 and the 1832 tariffs, how did President Jackson react? He threatened to send U.S. troops into South Carolina to enforce federal laws. 25. In Worchester v. Georgia, what did the Supreme Court declare about the Cherokee Nation? It was a distinct community in its own territory in which the laws of Georgia could have no force. 26. How, with the technical advances of the 19th century, could workers more easily assemble products and replace defective parts? because of interchangeable parts 27. During the 1800s, what made the growth in communication, trade, and travel possible? steamboats, railroads, and the expansion of roads and canals 28. How did Samuel Slater’s occupation relate to industrial development of the U.S.? He was a skilled mechanic in Britain 29. In the early 1800s, why did young, single women from New England leave their homes? they came to work in the Lowell mills 30. What laws did Parliament pass because of people like Samuel Slater? laws against leaving the country with mill machines or plans 31. What best describes the occupations of most people in Europe and the United States, in the early 1700s? farmers 32. What is significant about the textile mill in Pawtucket, Rhode Island? First successful mill 33. What increased competition for factory jobs in the 1840s? the Panic of 1837 and a wave of immigration 34. Before the War of 1812, why were Americans reluctant to build new factories and machinery? because British manufacturers could produce large amounts of goods and charge lower prices 35. How would you explain how Eli Whitney contributed to the Industrial Revolution? He introduced mass production and interchangeable parts 36. How would you compare the work hours of government employees and private employees? Private employees worked 12–14 hours, six days a week 37. What was significant about the steam-engine? It was the first breakthroughs of the Transportation Revolution. 38. What caused Charleston, Savannah, and New Orleans to grow into major port cities? growing cotton trade with Great Britain and the Northeast 39. Why did cities grow rapidly during the mid-1800s? immigration and the migration of rural inhabitants to urban areas 40. In the early 1800’s, why couldn’t the U.S. textile industry compete with Britain? The lower British prices discouraged investors from building new factories and machinery. 41. How would you express the purpose of Nat Turner’s escape from slavery? to lead a violent slave revolt 42. Why did enslaved parents tell folk tales to their slave children? to teach the children how to survive under slavery 43. The cotton gin revived the South’s agricultural economy; when did Eli Whitney develop his cotton gin? during a visit to a Georgia plantation where he learned that such a machine was needed 44. What states were covered by “The Cotton Belt”? South Carolina to Texas 45. What caused the slave trade to increase during the early 1800s? growing and harvesting cotton and other southern crops required a large number of field hands 46. What did cotton account for by 1860? more than half of all U.S. exports 47/. How were yeomen farmers different from planters? They generally worked side by side with slaves, whereas planters had drivers or overseers 48. Why did slave traders sometimes kidnap free African Americans from the North? to sell them into slavery 49. By 1860 what did many planters believe about the expansion of the cotton trade? it had turned the South into a global power 50. How would you classify the means by which most southern farmers transported their cash crops to port cities? navigable rivers 51. How would you classify the occupations of free African Americans who lived in southern cities? skilled artisans 52. Why did southern leaders refer to cotton as “King Cotton”? because of the importance of the cotton trade to the South’s economy 53. How would you classify the economic relationship between Great Britain and the Antebellum South? Great Britain was the South’s main trading partner 54. How would you classify the ironworks of Richmond? One of the nation’s most productive 55. Why did Nat Turner and his followers kill almost 60 white people in Virginia? Turner believed that God had called on him to overthrow slavery. 56. What was the greatest benefit offered by the rise of industry and growth of cities in the Northeast? that people could own their own businesses or work in skilled occupations 57. During the early 1800’s, what did abolitionists disagree about? the degree of equality that African Americans should have in society 58. How would you identify the abolitionist who once told an audience that he was a thief and a robber because he “stole this head, these limbs, this body from my master, and ran off with them.”? Frederick Douglass 59. How would you express the reason Angelina and Sarah Grimké joined the antislavery movement? They rejected the views of their southern, slaveholding family. 60. Of the following, Emily Dickinson, Margaret Fuller, Angelina Grimke and Ann Sophia Stephens, who wrote Appeal to the Christian Women of the South? Angelina Grimké. 61. How would you describe the movement led by Harriet Tubman? Underground Railroad, a network of people who arranged transportation and hiding places for fugitive slaves. 62. Of the following, prisoners, slaves, the disabled and abolitionists, who was the Underground Railroad designed to aid? slaves 63. Where did the common-school movement get its name? from the effort to have all children, regardless of their class or background, educated in a common place 64. How would you classify the roles of Douglass, Truth, and Tubman in the abolition movement in relation to their race and former social status? Key, since all were former slaves who spoke for the movement 65. What is the significance of the Irish potato blight? Irish immigrants came to America after starvation threatened their existence 66. What is significant about the publication of the paper the North Star? It was published by abolitionist Frederick Douglass 67. What was written by the organizers of the Seneca Falls Convention and was it based on? Declaration of Sentiments modeled on the language of the Declaration of Independence. 68. What was white northerners’ opposition to the abolition movements based upon? on the belief that African Americans should not receive equal treatment and that freed slaves would take jobs away from white northerners 69. From 1836 to 1844 in the U.S. House of Representatives, what discussion was prevented by the Gag Rule? antislavery petitions 70. What was significant about Oberlin College? It was the first college to accept Blacks in America 71. What is the main idea of transcendentalism? To encourage people to follow their personal beliefs and rise above reaso 72. How would you describe the views of Horace Greeley and William Lloyd Garrison relating to abolition? Both were abolitionist. 73. What did the Know-Nothings want? to exclude Catholics and immigrants from public office 74. What was the purpose of the American Temperance Society and the American Temperance Union? to urge people to give up or to limit the consumption of alcohol 75. How would you classify the movement led by Harriet Tubman? She led the Underground Railroad Movement, a network of people who arranged transportation and hiding places for fugitive slaves. 76. Of the following, Ann Lee, Lyman Beecher, Dorthea Dix and Susan B. Anthony, who turned the fight for women’s right into a political movement? Susan B. Anthony 77. How would you explain the Southern reaction to the abolition movement? Uniting in their defense of slavery. 78/. Who was the empresario that brought settlers to the colony on the lower Colorado River? Stephen F. Austin 79. Who was the commander of the Texas army at San Jacinto? Sam Houston 80. During the Texas Revolution, who led the Mexican army? Antonio López de Santa Anna 81.Why was Stephen F. Austin jailed for a year and a half? for requesting more self-government for Texas 82. How would you explain why the Mexican government restricted American immigration and tried to enforce the ban on slavery in Texas? because Tejanos were outnumbered by American settlers, some of whom were slaveholders 83. What was the first capital of the Republic of Texas? Houston 84. Who did Santa Anna’s 1,800 Mexican soldiers attack in March 189 defenders of the Alamo 85. Where was the location of the Santa Fe Trail? from Independence, Missouri, to Santa Fe, New Mexico 86. How are the Texas Constitution and the U.S. Constitution different? Texas legalized slavery and the U.S. did not 87. How would you explain why Presidents Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren declined to annex Texas? because Texas would have entered the Union as a slave state 88. What was received in exchange for recruiting settlers for Texas? Empresarios received as much as 67,000 acres of land for every 200 families. 89. What motivated anti-slavery activists to oppose the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo? They feared more slave states entering the Union 90. How would you explain why Mexican soldiers launched an assault on U.S. troops in 1846? because General Taylor refused to remove his troops from the border region 91. Some politicians believed that the Oregon Country was needed to secure the growing U.S. trade with which country? China 92.. Forty-niners who arrived in California after traveling around the Cape of Good Hope or across the Isthmus of Panama were usually from which area? Mexico or South America 93. Who were Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson? transcendentalist writers who opposed the Mexican War 94. How would you explain Henry Clay’s position regarding Texas in the 1844 election He initially opposed annexation of Texas and then halfheartedly supported it. 95. Texas became a state in 1845; how would you describe why the Mexican government was angered by this act? Because it considered Texas a “stolen province.” 96. How would you describe the people who traveled on the Mormon Trail? American Mormons fleeing persecution and Mormon converts from Great Britain and Scandinavia 97. While northern abolitionists opposed the Mexican War because of the potential slave states that might develop in the Southwest, some pro-slavery southerners worried about which of the following issues? New territories might ban slavery. 98. How did German immigrant Levi Strauss earn his fortune in California? by making durable denim work pants to sell to miners 99. When did General Taylor first march his troops to the Rio Grande? before Congress declared war on Mexico on May 13, 1846 100. What treaty that ended the Mexican War? The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 101. What was the disputed border region over which the United States and Mexico fought? The Nueces River and the Rio Grande 102. The Gadsden Purchase required the U.S. government to pay Mexico $10 million for a strip of land that included the southern parts of what are now which states? Arizona and New Mexico 103. Whatever their method of travel, where did most forty-niners arrive in California? San Francisco 104. What did “Fifty-four forty or fight!” refer to he United States and Great Britain’s contest over the northern boundary of Oregon Country 105. Why Why did most members of the Free-Soil Party oppose the spread of slavery? Because they believed allowing slavery to expand would make it difficult for free men to find work. 106. How would you describe the people John Brown intended to arm as a result of his raid on Harper’s Ferry? Enslaved people and begin an insurrection against slaveholders. 107. How would you describe the purpose of “personal liberty laws” passed in the North? to restrict slave recapture. 108. What was the purpose of the Wilmot Proviso? the abolition of slavery in territories won from Mexico 109. How would you identify the major issue dividing the parties in the election of 1860? as slavery. 110. Of the following, Whigs, Republicans, Democrats, and Know-Nothings, which party was united by its followers’ opposition to the expansion of slavery? Republican Party 111. How would you describe the issue which led to the Civil War and resulted in the Compromise of 1850? Maintaining the balance of power of slave and free states in the Senate. 112. How would you generalize the Dred Scott Decision? Slaves are property and property could be taken to any territory. 113. Why did they call Henry Clay the “Great Compromiser”? He mediated disputes in Congress 114. On what major factor did the Supreme Court rule that Dred Scott was not free? Because his status, as free or slave, depended on the laws of Missouri, where his owner lived. 115. The question of whether California would be admitted to the Union as a free state or a slave state was decided by which issue? By Henry Clay offering a series of proposals to address all of the current issues of sectional disagreement. 116. When Stephen Douglas introduced the KansasNebraska bill, how did southern senators react? They agreed to abandon their plan for a southern railroad route if the new territory west of Missouri was opened to slavery. 117. Of the following states, Mississippi, Alabama, South Carolina and Texas, which was the first to secede from the Union? South Carolina. 118. How would you describe the Fugitive Slave Act? A part of the Compromise of 1850. 119. What happened after John Brown seized the federal arsenal in Harpers Ferry? He hoped slaves in the region would join him, but none did. 120. How did California enter the Union? As a free state. 121. On what basis did the U.S. Supreme Court rule that Congress could not prohibit someone from taking slaves into a federal territory? Slaves were considered property. 122. In 1854 Stephen Douglas introduced a bill in Congress that would organize which of the following territories? The remainder of the Louisiana Purchase into two territories, each to determine the slavery question by popular sovereignty. 123. What was the reaction of many southerners to Lincoln’s election? They believed that Lincoln, if elected president, would move to abolish slavery. 124. What happened after Preston Brooks beat Charles Sumner on the Senate floor? Many southerners sent Brooks new canes 125. Which presidential candidate opposed the spread of slavery but promised not to support abolishing it where it already existed? Abraham Lincoln 126. What was Taney’s ruling after hearing Dred Scott’s petition for freedom? As a non-citizen, Scott did not have the right to file suit in federal court. 127. Of the following, Mobile, AL; Montgomery, AL; Richmond, VA; and Vicksburg, MS, identify which was the location of the first capital of the Confederacy? Montgomery, Alabama 128. Of the following, Washington, Winston, Jefferson, Mobile, which Northern Alabama county disagreed with Alabama’s decision to secede from the Union? Winston County 129. Why did a 700 member pro-slavery posse sack Lawrence, Kansas in 1856? after a grand jury charged antislavery government leaders with treason 130. Why did Harriet Beecher Stowe write her powerful antislavery novel? after reading slave narratives and meeting fugitive slaves in Ohio, where she lived 131. To aid the abolitionist cause, what did John Brown decide in 1858? to raid a federal arsenal in Virginia, arm local slaves, lead them to freedom, and kill or capture any white southerner who stood in the way of his plan 132. In 1846, what was true about the Wilmot Proviso? It stated that neither slavery nor involuntary servitude should ever exist in any part of the Mexican cession. 133. What was Lincoln’s campaign promise regarding the South? not attack the South or try to abolish slavery in the South 134. What did Winston County, Alabama, and the western counties of Virginia have in common? They withdrew from their home state when their state left the Union. 135. What was the main effect of the Emancipation Proclamation? It made the Civil War a war against slavery, and the British did not intervene on the side of the Confederacy. 136. What was the main result of Lincoln suspending writs of habeas corpus? A person could be imprisoned indefinitely without trial. 137. What can be said about the food shortage suffered by the South during the Civil War? The South’s transportation system had collapsed and Union troops occupied several important agricultural regions. 138. What was the main idea of Lincoln’s inaugural speech? It repeated his commitment not to interfere with slavery where it already existed. 139. Why did Lincoln want to prevent Maryland from seceding? Washington, D.C., would be surrounded by Confederate territory. 140. After Lincoln fired McClellan, who commanded the Army of the Potomac? Burnside, Hooker, Meade, and Grant 141. Robert E. Lee did not accept command of the Union troops because he could not fight against Virginia. 142. What was the purpose of General William Tecumseh Sherman's "March to the Sea" through Georgia? to destroy everything that might be of use to the enemy 143. How was the South negatively affected at the Battle of Chancellorsville? The southern victory was marred by the loss of Stonewall Jackson. 144. What ideas showed how Abraham Lincoln expanded the powers of the presidency during the Civil War? suspending the writ of habeas corpus in Maryland 145. How would you summarize the importance of the capture of Chattanooga by Union forces during the Civil War? They would then control a major railroad running south to Atlanta. 146. What can be said about the significance of the Union capture of the city of Vicksburg? The Union would have achieved one of its basic military goals, control of the entire Mississippi River. 147. What can you say about the importance of Farragut’s victory at Mobile Bay? Blockade runners could no longer use any port on the Gulf of Mexico east of the Mississippi River. 148. How can "Copperheads" best be classified? northern antiwar Democrats 149. What was the most important transportation advantage held by the North during the Civil War? more miles of railroad tracks 150. How would you classify the military leadership of the Southern army? The South had more skilled military leaders than the North. 151. How were southern ties to the land an advantage during the Civil War? Southerners were familiar with the land upon which they fought, and they were defending their homes. 152. How would you classify the southern belief that the cotton trade would win them foreign support during the Civil War? Cotton Diplomacy 153. Of the following, Antietam, Bull Run, Shiloh, Chicahominy, which was the location of the first major clash of Union and Confederate armies? Bull Run, near Manassas Junction, Virginia. 154. Of the following, Fort Sumter, Fort Henry, Fort Donelson, Fort Defiance, which was the fort that controlled the entrance to Charleston Harbor? Fort Sumter. 155. What was ordered by the Emancipation Proclamation? It called for all slaves in areas rebelling against the Union to be freed. 156. During the Civil War, approximately how many American lives were lost? 620,000 157. How did suspending habeas corpus allow President Lincoln to silence the Copperheads? By withdrawing constitutional protection against unlawful imprisonment. 158. What best describes the role of African Americans in the Union army? They worked as Laborers. 159. Why did Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas join the Confederacy? After Lincoln called for 75,000 militia members to fight the Confederate forces. 160. What best identifies where Lee’s attempt to launch an offensive into Union territory ended in defeat? Gettysburg. 161. What did Confederate leaders hope to accomplish by a victory on Union soil? To persuade European powers to offer aid to the South. 162. How would you describe the targeting of military as well as civilian economic resources to destroy an opponent’s ability and will to fight? Total war. 163. At the beginning of the war, what was a Northern advantage? A greater number of factories. 164. Through cotton diplomacy, what did the South tried to accomplish? To win foreign support, particularly from Great Britain. 165. Why did the Union navy want to blockade the South? To cut off southern trade and hurt the economy. 166. Why did the 1861 Confederate draft lead to resentment among poor southerners? Because the draft excluded those who held a large number of slaves. 167. What could best be described as a Southern advantage at the beginning of the war? Skilled military leaders. 168. How would you describe the Copperheads? Northerners and Midwesterners who sympathized with the South and opposed abolition. 169. When did the Union gain control of the Mississippi River? After surrender of Pemberton’s forces to General Grant at Vicksburg. 170. For most of the war, which of the following is true for the 180,000 African American soldiers who fought with the Union? They received less pay than their white counterparts. 171. In 1861 Lincoln offered command of the Union forces to which U.S. Army officer? Robert E. Lee 172. How would your summarize the Trent Affair? It brought the Union close to war with Britain.173During the Civil War, who was promised by General Sherman “40 acres and a mule”? freed slave families in the South 174. How is Lincoln’s Plan for Reconstruction related to an oath of loyalty and a promise to accept that slaves are now free? Southerners would be pardoned. 175. What was the Southern motive for ratifying the Fourteenth Amendment under the Republicans’ Reconstruction plan? Former Confederates states would be allowed to elect people to Congress. 176. What was the theme of Lincoln’s plan for Reconstruction? To reconcile with the South rather than punishing it. 177. How would you describe the attitude of the Radical Republicans toward the citizenship of former slaves? They should be granted citizenship, including the right to vote. 178. Under Johnson’s Reconstruction plan, what was the motivation of many members of Congress voting to reject the representatives that Southern voters elected? Because they were former Confederate leaders. 179. How would you identify the action that signaled the end of Reconstruction? the passage of the Compromise of 1877 180. What is the main idea of the Jim Crow Laws? to segregate blacks and whites. 181. What was the theme of the Ku Klux Klan’s organized resistance against Reconstruction? to reverse Reconstruction in the South 182. What abolished slavery in the North? the adoption of the Thirteenth Amendment 183. What laws was the Fourteenth Amendment designed to protect? Civil Rights Act of 1866 184. What Amendment protects the suffrage of African American men? 15th Amendment 185. What did former Confederate states have to accomplish before they could elect representatives to Congress? ratify the Fourteenth Amendment. 186. Which of the following abolished slavery in the North? the adoption of the Thirteenth Amendment 187. Which post-Civil War Amendment gives African Americans full rights of citizenship? 14th 188. Why did the American Anti-Slavery Society split in 1840? over the role of women in the abolition movement 189. What was the response of some poor immigrants in the North who feared losing their jobs to African Americans? They participated in riots in New York City in 1863 would you classify people known as carpetbaggers? Northern born Republicans who came South after the war 191. How would you classify people known as scalawags? Small farmers who had supported the Union during the war .192. What best describes the sharecropping system? Sharecroppers provided landowners with their labor in exchange for part of the crop 190. How 193. What were the features of Lincoln’s Plan for Reconstruction? Lenient and fair treatment for the South 194. Who proposed the Fourteenth Amendment? Radical Republicans 195. What motivated African Americans to vote Republican in 1868? To help Ulysses S. Grant and the “party of Lincoln” win a narrow victory. 196. When did the Thirteenth Amendment outlaw slavery? January 1865 197. How were Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumner related to the Republican Party? They led the Radical Republicans, who wanted the federal government to be much more involved in Reconstruction. 198. What were the features of Johnson’s Plan for Reconstruction? The states that had set up their governments under Lincoln’s plan were allowed to keep their governments in place. 199. What was the purpose of the Freedmen’s Bureau? To aid poor whites and former slaves in the South 200. Who was not guaranteed citizenship and equal protection under the law as a result of the Fourteenth Amendment? American Indians. 201. After Reconstruction ended, what was accomplished by Democrats known as Redeemers? They cut budgets and taxes, eliminated social programs, and limited civil rights for African Americans. 202. What happened when many farmers planted cotton after the war? The supply became too great and the price of cotton dropped. 203. In the mid-1870s,why did support for Reconstruction fade in the Republican Party? Because people were growing concerned about economic problems and government corruption. 204. What was the Republican motive for choosing Ulysses S. Grant as their presidential candidate? He was a war hero who supported the congressional plan for Reconstruction. 205. What ideas reflect the views of southern voters during Reconstruction? More than 600 African American representatives to state legislatures and 16 to Congress. 206. When did many women’s rights activists object to the wording of the Fifteenth Amendment? When the amendment did not extend the right to vote to all Americans. 207. Of the following, Black Codes, the Compromise of 1877, Jim Crow laws and the Civil Rights Act, which were laws passed after Reconstruction ended enforcing segregation? Jim Crow laws. 208. How would you describe African-American voters during Reconstruction? Republicans 209. How would you describe the purpose of the Freedmen’s Bureau? To provide relief to all poor people in the South. 210/ How would you describe when Reconstruction ended? 1877 when President Hayes removed the last federal troops from the South. 211. What best describes the main purpose of the Ku Klux Klan? to oppose civil rights for African Americans 212. Why did the Republican party control most southern governments during Reconstruction? because the Fourteenth Amendment banned many former Confederates from holding office. 213. In 1865 how were newly elected representatives from reconstructed southern states received by Congress? They were not allowed to take their seats in the House and Senate. 214. What happened when Congress proposed increasing the powers of the Freedmen’s Bureau in 1866? President Johnson vetoed the bill. 215. What was the main idea of The Morrill Act of 1862? the grant of public lands to states for land-grant colleges 216. What university was established as a result of the Morrill Land Grant Act in Alabama? Tuskegee University