Download The Civil War 1861-1865

A PERSONAL VOICE ABRAHAM LINCOLN
" 'A house divided against itself cannot stand.' I
believe this government cannot endure
permanently half slave and half free. I do not
expect the Union to be dissolved —I do not
expect the house to fall—but I do expect it will
cease to be divided. It will become all one thing
or all the other. Either the opponents of slavery
will arrest the further spread of it . . . or its
advocates will push it forward, till it shall
become alike lawful in all the States, old as well
as new, North as well as South.”
–1858 speech
The Civil War 18611865
Tearing the United States Apart
Review: Lead-up to the War
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Compromise of 1850
Kansas-Nebraska Act--1854
Bleeding Kansas--1856
Dred Scott case--1857
Attack at Harpers Ferry--1859
Election of 1860
Southern Secession--1860
Causes of the Civil War
• Slavery
• Sectionalism/
Economic
Differences
• Scope of
Government
Power/ Political
Differences
Southern Secession
Secession
• After the election of Lincoln in 1860
– Southerners were fearful of the Northern
political influence
– They said simply, “We must now act!”
• South Carolina secedes from US
(December 20, 1860)
• William Tecumseh Sherman’s caution…
Shaping the Confederacy
• Formation of the Confederate States of
America…Feb. 4, 1861
– Met in Montgomery, Alabama
• Confederate Constitution…
– “protected and recognized” slavery
– President…Jefferson Davis… “The time for
compromise has now passed”
The Calm Before the Storm…
• The nation is now confused…
– Seven slave states seceded and formed a
new nation
– Eight slave states remained with the
Union…Were they going to secede?
• Would the North allow the South to
leave the Union without a fight?
• AND THE ANSWER IS???
Imagine…
Attack on Fort Sumter
• Confederacy takes over federal
installations…courthouses, post
offices, forts
• By Lincoln’s inauguration only 2
Southern forts remained in Union
hands.
• February 5th…What should
Lincoln do?
– Attack or Evacuate?
• April 12, 1861 Davis attacks and
Anderson surrenders
OK…Now we need soldiers!
• After the attack on
Fort Sumter, Lincoln
asked for 75,000
volunteers to serve
for 3 months.
• Comparison…
Northern V. Southern
readiness (pg. 339)
Strategies for the War
NORTH
• Main goal…Conquer
the South
– First – Blockade
Southern ports
– Second – Use the
Mississippi to split the
confederacy
– Third – Capture
Confederate capitol at
Richmond
SOUTH
• Main goal… Defend
their country
Battle at Bull Run
• 25 Miles away from
DC
• Inexperienced
soldiers…N and S
• Seesaw battle…
Stonewall Jackson
• Major loss for Union,
major motivator for
the Confederacy
Union Armies in the West
• Lincoln asks for 1,000,000 men to serve for 3
years…instead of 3 months
• Gen. George McClellan was to lead this army
• Leadership of Gen. Ulysses S. Grant…
– (February 1862) In 11 days he captured two
strategic forts…Fort Henry and Fort Donelson
– “Unconditional Surrender” Grant
Shiloh
• Confederate forces surprise Grant’s troops and
kill many of them.
• Grant reorganized and called in
reinforcements…by the next day Confederates
were in retreat
• Lesson…send out scouts, dig trenches,
build fortifications; this war was going to be
Bloody!
End of the Wooden Ships…
• Monitor
• Merrimack
War for the Capitals
• Robert E. Lee v. George McClellan
• Lee saves the Confederate capital of
Richmond, VA
• Now he moved against the Union
capital and battle ensued at Anteitam
The Emancipation
Proclamation
Was it all it’s been cracked up
to be?
Lincoln’s View of Slavery
• He believed the Fed had no
power to abolish it.
• To Horace Greeley… “If I could
save the Union by freeing all the
slaves, I would do it. If I could
save the Union by freeing no
slaves, I would do it. If I could
save the Union by freeing some
and letting others be, I would do
that.”
• Which one did he end up
choosing?
Emancipation Proclamation
• January 1, 1863
• It had no real practical effect because
the Union had no control over the states
of the Confederacy
• Reactions…
– Free blacks could now serve
– Democrats in N. …it would further
antagonize the South
– Union soldiers… “Hey if it saves the Union,
OK.”
– Confederacy… “Now we are hardened and
will fight to the death.”
Life During Wartime
• Black Americans react
• In the North…they account for 1% of the total
population, but 10% of the Union Army.
• In the South…the slaves on plantations would
resist from behind enemy lines (sabotage,
breaking plows, destroy property, neglecting
livestock)
White Soldier, Black Soldier
• $13/month
• $3.50 clothing
allowance
• Unlimited rank
• $10/month
• No clothing
allowance
• Maximum
rank…Captain
54th Massachusetts Infantry
Economic Effects of the War
• South faced tremendous food shortages
(salt, sugar, coffee, nails, needles,
medicines)
• North…the economy boomed
• The war helped woolen mills, steel
foundries, coal mines. Why?
• Why do they say war is good for the
economy?
Medical Problems in the War
• Life on the front lines…
– Regulations called for troops to wash
hands and face everyday, and take a bath
once a week.
– Many soldiers didn’t and that brought body
lice, dysentery, and diarrhea
• Clara Barton and Sally Tompkins
• Page 355
The North Takes
Charge
The Battle of Gettysburg
• July 1, 1863 (pg. 358)
• Barefoot Confederate Soldiers??
• Day Two…90,000 Yankees and 75,000
Confederates stood ready to fight
• Total losses (killed or wounded)…Union
– 23,000 Confederacy – 28,000
Gettysburg Address Activity
• “Four score and seven years ago…”
Is the war winding down?
• Confederate soldiers’ morale weakens
• Peace rallies in Southern states (N.
Carolina, Georgia)
• Ulysses S. Grant gets appointed
Commander of all Union armies…
Sherman takes his spot
Sherman’s March to the Sea
• W. T. Sherman takes
Atlanta and decides to
make South hate war
– Make Southerners “so sick
of war that generations
would pass away before
the would again appeal to
it.”
• Marched through GA and
then turned north to help
Grant
Surrender at Appomattox
• April 9, 1865
• Grant paroled Lee’s soldiers, sent them
home with their personal possessions,
horse’s, and three days’ rations.
Officers were allowed to keep their
guns.
• After four long years, the Civil War was
over
The Legacy of the
Civil War
Changing a nation, in the
aftermath of war…
• Political changes -- States’ Rights… Is it
dead too?
• The costs…Casualties and Economic
• 13th Amendment
• Clara Barton and the Red Cross