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United States History I Topic 7 Sections 1/2: “Causes of the American Civil War” 7.1-2 Standards 1.1-1.4, 9.1 Sectionalism and the Roots of Conflict • During the 1800’s, the northern and southern “sections” of the United States began to grow apart socially and economically • North: Industry • South: Cash Crops: Cotton/Tobacco The Missouri Compromise: 1820 • 60,000 People needed in area/territory before it can apply for statehood • 1820: 11 Slave and 11 Free States • Missouri applied for statehood – Balance of power would be offset one way or the other. Will Missouri be slave or free? – Who cares? Why would this be important for political power? Discussion Missouri Compromise: 1820 • *Maine also applied for statehood at the same time: • • • • PROBLEM SOLVED… for now See map of U.S. Maine vs. Missouri Compromise: Giving a little of something in order to get a little bit of something you want Missouri Compromise: Maine is admitted as a free state while Missouri enters the UNION as a slave state: State Count = 12-12 Future? 36-30 Line Established: Anything North would be Free and Everything South would be slave Missouri Compromise Map: 1820 Election of 1848 • Wilmot Proviso- “Slavery shall not exist on lands won from Mexico” • Free Soil Party- Martin Van Buren – Prevent slavery from spreading to west • *Whigs- Zachary Taylor – Popular Sovereignty • *Democrats- Popular Sovereignty – “Let the people choose” California Gold Rush: 1849 • 1848: Gold is found in the • • • mountains of California 1849: People RUSH out to California in order to find gold (49ers’) Sound Familiar? California all of sudden had enough people to become a state. Most people wanted California to become a free state! Slave states become angry and threaten to leave the Union!! Compromise of 1850 • After nine months of heated debate… • Henry Clay: “The Great Compromiser” suggests… – 1. California be allowed to enter Union as a free state: South angry… – 2. Territories of Utah and New Mexico established w/o restrictions on slavery: North angry – 3. Slave trade was abolished in Washington D.C. – 4. Strict Fugitive Slave Law was passed: Said that fugitive slaves HAD to be reported to the authorities. So…If you lived in Indiana and knew that a fugitive slave was around and did not report it, you were breaking the law! Northerners very angry at this law!! – 13 Free to 12 Slave States Uncle Tom’s Cabin: 1852 • Harriet Beecher Stowe: Abolitionist who lived in Cincinnati, Ohio. Was a contemporary of Frederick Douglas. • Uncle Tom’s Cabin: Book that exposed slavery for what it really was and infuriated slave owners in the south. • Eliza and the Horrors of - Slavery • *What does it mean when someone is referred to as an Uncle Tom? • Right: Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad The Mighty Ohio River Kansas-Nebraska Act: 1854 • Stephen Douglas: Senator • • • • IL Wanted to build a transcontinental RR through Chicago (Economics) Two new territories created: Kansas and Nebraska: Both ABOVE the 36-30 Line! Kansas-Nebraska Act: Douglas wanted to scrap the 36-30 line and leave the fate of all future states up to POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY: Let the people choose 1854: A group of northern politicians become so angry that they form a new political party called the Republican Party Kansas Nebraska Act: 1854 The Caning of Charles Sumner Bleeding Kansas: 1854-1857 • Two groups “moved” into • • • • Kansas in an attempt to sway the vote for a constitution that met their needs Anti-Slavery: Lawrence Pro-Slavery: Lecompton *After some Pro-Slavery supporters attacked and killed abolitionist, John Brown and his sons killed at least five Pro-Slavery people. *Open fighting broke out and lasted a few years. Dred Scott Case: 1857 • Background: Dred Scott • • • was a slave who was owned by a slave owner in Missouri. His owner was in the army and spent time in Wisconsin and Illinois. When his owner died, the state of Missouri tried to sell Dred Scott as property Case: Dred Scott sued for his freedom and lost because he was “property” -Roger Taney: -Could not sue because he was not a citizen -Congress could NOT ban slavery in new territories Illinois Senate Race of 1858 • Illinois Senate seat was up for • • • • • • election Stephen Douglas was incumbent: already held seat Abraham Lincoln: Republican: Challenged Douglas to a series of debates all over the state of Illinois Douglas: Believed in Popular Sovereignty Lincoln: Wanted to stop the SPREAD of slavery to new territories: “Contain it” *LINCOLN LOST THE ELECTION BUT GAINED POPULARITY WITH MANY NORTHERNERS *THIS SET THE STAGE FOR HIM TO RUN FOR PRESIDENT IN 1860! HARPER’S FERRY: 1859 • JOHN BROWN: Wanted to • • • • • • start a slave revolt in the state of Virginia -Attacked a U.S. Army Arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, Virginia (Present W. VA) -No slaves joined the revolt -Brown was captured by Robert E. Lee -Brown was hanged for “treason” *Many in North saw Brown as a Martyr: Hero *Many in the South saw Brown as an extremist U.S. History I Topic 7.3 Election of 1860 and the Beginning of the American Civil War 1.1-1.4, 9.1 Election of 1860 • By 1860, the United • • • • States was very separated by Regional, Political, and Economic differences. Election: Abraham Lincoln (IL): Republican -Stephen Douglas (IL): Northern Democrat -John C. Breckinridge (KY): Southern Democrat -John Bell (TN): Constitutional Union Party Election of 1860 • Lincoln gained most of his support in the North • • while Breckinridge got his from the South *Many in the southern states hated Lincoln and vowed to leave the Union if he was elected: They thought that he would end slavery for good (THAT WAS THEIR DECISION TO MAKE, NOT HIS!) -Abraham Lincoln won the election by a count of 180 Electoral Votes to 72 (Breckinridge) Election of 1860 Results Secession!!! • South Carolina left the Union on December • • 20th, 1860: Claimed they did it for “State’s Rights” February 1st, 1861: Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas joined South Carolina: *Did it to defend “American Rights” like the colonist during the revolution of 1776 *John J. Crittenden (KY): wanted to reach a last minute “Compromise” Reestablish 36 30 • Crittenden’s Compromise did not work Confederate States of America are Born! (CSA) • February 8th, 1861: • • • Montgomery, Alabama -REBEL states get together and form the Confederate States of America -Declared each state independent -*Jefferson Davis: Became the first President of the CSA Ft. Sumter, S.C. • Ft. Sumter: a Union fort • • • • in “Confederate” territory (South Carolina) -Major Robert Anderson: Commander: Asked Lincoln for supplies *If Lincoln refuses to send supplies and abandons the fort, then he acknowledges the CSA’s right to exist. If he sends supplies, then he risks war! Lincoln sends supplies April 12th, 1861: Confederate forces attack Ft. Sumter *The American Civil War had begun! “Upper South” Secedes • After Ft. Sumter, • Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, and Tennessee left the Union *CSA Capital moved to Richmond, Virginia (100 Miles Away from Washington D.C.) Habeas Corpus and the Border States • Lincoln was worried the rest of the slave states • • would also leave the Union He suspended writs of Habeas Corpus: right to be charged with a crime within 24 hours of being arrested: and declared Martial Law (Curfew) in order to prevent this Kentucky, Missouri, Delaware, West Virginia (Broke Away from Virginia), and Maryland (If Maryland left, then D.C. was already surrounded by the enemy) were the five slave states that DID NOT leave the Union: AKA Border States Which States Left the Union? 11 • • • • • • • • • • • • CSA: 1. S.C. 2. N.C. 3. Virginia 4. Tennessee 5. Mississippi 6. Georgia 7. Florida 8. Louisiana 9. Texas 10. Alabama 11. Arkansas Who stayed loyal? 24 Total • • • • • • • Border States: 1. Kentucky 2. Delaware 3. Missouri 4. W. Virginia 5. Maryland • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Non-Slave Union 1. Indiana 2. Illinois 3. Iowa 4. Wisconsin 5. Minnesota 6. Kansas 7. Oregon 8. California 9. Michigan 10. Pennsylvania 11. New York 12. New Jersey 13. Connecticut 14. Rhode Island 15. Massachusetts 16. Ohio 17. Vermont 18. New Hampshire 19. Maine Advantages and Disadvantages “Tale of the Tape” • Union • More People • Stronger Navy• • • • • Blockade- Block ports More Money More Railroad Track More Weapon’s Factories Stronger Federal Government More Food Supplies • Confederate • More “committed” • • Soldiers Better Military Commanders- Robert E. Lee Most of war fought in CSA territory Strategies • Union • Winfield Scott: Proposed the Anaconda Plan – Blockade South – Control Mississippi River – Control Gulf of Mexico – Take Richmond, VA Strategies: Confederate • Win by NOT losing….huh? • Use “Hit and Run” tactics to wear larger army • • • down Frustrate enemy into mistakes Avoid major battles unless “CLEAR” advantage Fight on “own” territory: – Soldiers are familiar – Protecting homes versus protecting ideas Human Impact of Civil War: 624,511 Total Deaths! 2500000 2000000 1500000 1000000 Union Confederate 500000 Total Deaths Killed/Other Killed/Battle Wounded Total Forces 0