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Reconstruction Period
1866-1877
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The Civil War
1861-1865
Fought between the United States and
the Confederate States of America
Northern Goals
 Preserve
 Abolish
the Union
slavery
Southern Goals
 Preserve
of life
 Be
their way
left alone with
slavery unchanged
War Continued
 1963- Emancipation Proclamation freed African
Americans in rebel states.
 Some northerners opposed the proclamation, others
thought it did not go far enough.
 The proclamation encouraged
freedmen to join Union forces,
almost 180,000 African Americans
served in segregated units.
 The United States defeated the
Confederate States of America
Major Questions following the War:
•
•
•
How to re-build the South?
How to bring Southern states back into the
United States?
How to bring former slaves into the United
States as free men and women?
How to bring former Confederate states back
into the United States?
 Should people who fought against the United
State be allowed to become American citizens?
Should they be punished?
Freedmen
 At the end of the Civil War there were hundreds of
thousands former slaves living in the former
Confederate States.
 How would they be treated?
 What do you think were
some of the major
challenges faced by former
slaves?
What was Reconstruction?
 Time Period: 1866-1877
 A series of laws that put southern states under
U.S. military control and required them to draft
new state constitutions upholding the 13th,14th &
15th amendments.
 13th: abolished slavery
 14th: overruled Dred v. Scott (1857) which had
stated black people could not be citizens.
 15th: Gave African Americans right to vote
Reconstruction Era
 Presidential Reconstruction (1865-1867)
 Congressional Reconstruction (1867-1877)
Lincoln’s Plan: issued a Proclamation of Amnesty
and Reconstruction which gave forgiveness to all
southerners who pledged loyalty to the Union and
supported emancipation.
• Ten-Percent Plan: stated that once 10 percent of a
southern state’s voters took the oath, they could organize a
new state government, which had to ban slavery.
Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan:
 Though he was a Democrat, Republicans
thought he would work with them because
he didn’t seem as forgiving as Lincoln
 Added wealthy southern men to the list of those
who needed to be punished by government
 Faced opposition from radical republicans
who wanted white southerners to accept
responsibility for causing the war and to treat
former slaves fairly.
 Was welcomed by white southerners, who could
form state governments on their own terms
Jigsaw Activity
 In groups analyze the outcomes of the
reconstruction period.
 Freedman’s Bureau
 Ku Klux Klan
 Black Codes
 Political Participation/Radical Republicans
 Booker T. Washington
Discussion
•
In what ways were African Americans
rights still restricted?
•
In what ways did Reconstruction help?
Who helped?
Congressional Reconstruction
 Republicans would elect Civil War war hero
Ulysses S. Grant as their candidate in the 1868
presidential election
 As Congress took control of government,
discrimination slowed and the black codes
disappeared.
 1870-Passage of the 15th amendment
Quick Review
Ku Klux Klan
 The Ku Klux Klan
formed by a group of
Confederate Army in
veterans in 1865, used
terrorism and violence
to enforce the rule of
white supremacy.
 KKK organizations
slowly declined toward
the 1890’s as a result of
legal segregation (Jim
Crow).
White Southerners lash out
 Frustrated Whites acted out through a series of
lynching's.
 Between 1885 & 1901 more
than 2,000 Blacks were
lynched.
 Ida B. Wells inspired a
national gathering of black
leaders in 1893 to call for an
anti-lynching law.
Billie Holiday
 Strange Fruit: Respond to following
questions:
What is the mood of the song?
What is Billie Holiday referring to by
strange fruit?
NAACP
 The National Association for
the Advancement of Colored
People was formed in
response to the continuing
practice of lynching & race
riots.
 Appalled at the violence against blacks, a group
of white liberals called for a meeting to discuss
racial justice.
 With the help of other black leaders (Ida B.
Wells, DuBois) the NAACP was established in
1909.
NAACP Cont.
 The NAACP launched a legal
campaign to fight racial injustice &
began documenting racist violence
which was published in magazines
such as The Crisis.
 By 1940, NAACP membership had
reached 50,000.
 NAACP is one of the most prominent
organizations still around today!!
Jim Crow
• By 1910 African Americans were caught in a
degrading system throughout the South known as
“Jim Crow”
• Supreme Court case: Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
• African Americans were ordered
to use separate restrooms, water
fountains, restaurants, schools,
libraries, bus seats, etc.
Plessy v. Ferguson
 Read the dispute Plessy v. Ferguson
 Does the amendment allow states to pass
segregation laws?
 Do you agree with Plessy that the law was
unconstitutional?
 In groups examine the following
primary sources:
 What are primary sources?
 What do you notice about these sources? How
does it relate to the time period we have studied?
What connections can you make?
HW
Read the “real story of Plessy”
-Answer the following questions
in complete sentences for
credit!!!
The Great Migration & the
beginning of Industrialization
Industrial Revolution
 1870-1920, brought many changes to the United
States including:
the mass production of consumer goods
 large-scale migration from all parts of the
world
 patterns of social change that reshaped
workplace, family, and gender roles.

What the North had to offer…
 Industries
-more job opportunities, $
 Voting/political participation
 Escape racial climate
(violence, racism & police
brutality) in former
confederate states.
 Seek better education
The Great Migration
 The movement of 2 million African
Americans out of the Southern
region of the United States to the
North, Midwest, & West from 1910 to
1930.
 During this time, the African
American population grew by
approximately 40% in Northern
states, mostly in major cities. (NYC,
Chicago, Detroit)
Schools in the South
 Under funded!!

Fewer books, worse
buildings, underpaid
teachers.
 Typical southern classroom
in the early 1900s. Barefoot
children work under the
supervision of a single
teacher, who taught all
subjects, ages, and grades.
Black school v. White School
African American school in
Halifax County, VA.
All White school in
Halifax County, VA.
W.E.B. DuBois
 “The problem of the Twentieth Century
is the problem with the color line.”
 Du Bois is considered one of the greatest
African American intellectual & civil rights
activist of the twentieth century.
 Among the first to call for full and unconditional equal
rights for people of color.
 Du Bois carefully documented the historical and social
truths of black people's lives as well as the realities of
the harsh conditions they endured.