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Issues Leading to the Civil War Standard SS8H6a States’ Rights • States’ Rights – States are sovereign – subject to no higher power except for those specifically granted by the U.S. Constitution (South – favored states’ rights / North – opposed states’ rights). • The South nullified (declared unconstitutional) the tariffs of 1828 & 1832. South Carolina discussed succession – breaking away from the U.S. • Georgians were split over the issue. Nullification • Southern states had fewer factories and therefore bought many manufactured goods from foreign countries. • Congress passed a tariff in 1828 that many southern states opposed and threatened to nullify • To nullify means to make void or to deprive of value or effectiveness. • South Carolina threatened to secede from the Union in 1832 due to high tariffs – Vice President John C. Calhoun of SC believed in states’ rights and that states had a right to nullify any federal law that they thought was unconstitutional The Unoccupied West • The North & South argued about how to use unoccupied territory (land that had not become a state yet) in the West. • The South wanted to distribute western lands as cheaply as possible; more agrarian & rural. • The North wanted to sell the land at a high price; more industrial & urban. Slavery Divides The Nation • As more western territories became states, would they represent slavery or freedom? • After Alabama became a state in 1819 (slave state), there were an equal number of slave and free states (11). – The North was upset. • Missouri Compromise (1820) – Congress stated that Maine would be admitted as a “free” state & Missouri as a “slave” state. Also, slavery would be prohibited north of latitude 36 30’. Missouri Compromise Compromise of 1850 Benefits for the North Benefits for the South • California admitted to the Union as a free state • The territories of New Mexico & Utah would determine whether they wanted to be slave or free • Slave trading ended in Washington, D.C. • Texas gives up idea of annexing New Mexico takes that territory away from a slave state • Residents of D.C. could keep the slaves they had • Congress would pass a law (Fugitive Slave Act) stating that runaway slaves would be returned to their owner Georgia Platform • Many Georgian’s were not happy with Compromise of 1850 – Howell Cobb, Alexander Stephens & Robert Toombs urged citizens to accept it to preserve the Union • States’ Rights party formed – protest accepting any compromise until Congress agrees to protect slavery & state’s rights • “Know Nothing Party” – Did not want immigrants to become citizens or hold political office Kansas-Nebraska Act • 1854, Stephen Douglas (Illinois) got the KansasNebraska Act passed – Created territories of Kansas & Nebraska and contained a clause on POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY • When applying for statehood, each state could determine if it wants to be Free or Slave changes the Missouri Compromise North is angered • Free soilers & Pro-slavery people • Bloody Fighting – Abolitionists promise to send anti-slavery people w/guns into Kansas – Missouri promises to send slavery supporters into Kansas to fight • Congress votes and Northern votes deny statehood to Kansas as a slave state – Southern states realize Northern votes can keep slave states from the Union Dred Scott Case • Northern abolitionists raised money to take case to Supreme Ct. • Justices said Scott could not sue b/c he was a slave and slaves were not citizens • Dred Scott was a slave – His owner took him from Missouri (s) to Illinois (f) then to Wisconsin (f) • Scott claimed he should be free – Also said that Congress had no right to stop slavery in territories – Further divides North & South Election of 1860 • Republican Party forms – Opposes slavery • Democrats are split over candidate – Northern Dems support Stephen Douglas – Southern Dems support John Breckenridge • Whigs form Constitutional Union Party – Support John Bell of Kentucky • Republicans support Abraham Lincoln – Against slavery, but will not try to remove it from south – Protective tariff – Free lands in the west for settlers – Transcontinental railroad with one end in the north • Republicans & Lincoln appear to be against everything the south wants Election of 1860 – Lincoln, Douglas, Breckenridge & Bell Debate over GA secession & Alexander Stephens • Immediately after Lincoln’s election, Georgians began to discuss secession – Most Georgians support the Union, but more strongly support State’s Rights • Alexander Stephens argues strongly against secession • Gov. Joe Brown, Robert Toombs & Thomas Cobb strongly support secession and outweigh Stephens’ pleas The Union Breaks • South Carolina secedes in Dec. 1860 • Confederate States of America formed, Feb. 4, 1861 • Georgia secedes in Jan. 1861 – Jefferson Davis (Miss) elected President – Alexander Stephens (against secession??) elected Vice President – Robert Toombs named Secretary of State • Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana and Texas all secede by Feb. 1861