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Issues Leading to the Civil War Standard SS8H6a Economy 1800s NORTH • Factories – Produced finished goods • Paid workers SOUTH • Agriculture – Produced mainly cotton • Slaves States’ Rights • States’ Rights – States are sovereign (subject to no higher power except for those specifically granted by the U.S. Constitution) • South – favored (supported) states’ rights • North – opposed (against) states’ rights. • The South nullified (declared unconstitutional and ignored) the tariffs (taxes) of 1828 & 1832. – South Carolina discussed succession (breaking away from the U.S.) • Georgians were split over the issue. Nullification • Southern states had fewer factories and therefore bought many manufactured goods from foreign countries. • Congress passed a tariff in 1828 that many southern states opposed and threatened to nullify • To nullify means to make void or to deprive of value or effectiveness. • South Carolina threatened to secede from the Union in 1832 due to high tariffs – Vice President John C. Calhoun of SC stated: “Southern states believed in states’ rights and that states had a right to nullify any federal law that they thought was unconstitutional” The Unoccupied West • The North & South argued about how to use unoccupied territory (land that had not become a state yet) in the West. • The South wanted to distribute western lands as cheaply as possible; more agrarian & rural. • The North wanted to sell the land at a high price; more industrial & urban. Slavery Divides The Nation • As more western territories became states, would they represent slavery or freedom? • After Alabama became a state in 1819 (slave state), there were an equal number of slave and free states (11). – The North was upset. • Missouri Compromise (1820) – Congress stated that Missouri would be admitted as a “slave” state &Maine would be admitted as a “free”. Also, slavery would be prohibited north of latitude 36 30’. – Keeps the balance of free & slave states equal Missouri Compromise Compromise of 1850 Benefits for the North Benefits for the South • California admitted to the Union as a free state • The territories of New Mexico & Utah would determine whether they wanted to be slave or free • Slave trading ended in Washington, D.C. • Texas gives up idea of annexing New Mexico takes that territory away from a slave state • Residents of D.C. could keep the slaves they had • Congress would pass a law (Fugitive Slave Act) stating that runaway slaves would be returned to their owner Georgia Platform • Many Georgian’s were not happy with Compromise of 1850 • The Georgia Platform was a statement that urged citizens to accept it to preserve the Union – Howell Cobb, Alexander Stephens & Robert Toombs • States’ Rights party formed – protest accepting any compromise until Congress agrees to protect slavery & state’s rights Kansas-Nebraska Act • 1854, Stephen Douglas (Illinois) got the KansasNebraska Act passed • Created territories of Kansas & Nebraska • Each state could decide to be Free or Slave state • This changes the Missouri Compromise the North is angered • Kansas = Slave state • Nebraska = Free state • Bloody Fighting breaks out between Free soilers & Proslavery people – “Bleeding Kansas” • Congress accepts Nebraska as a state but denies Kansas – Southern states realize Northern votes can keep slave states from the Union Dred Scott Case • The case went to the Supreme Ct. • The Court said: • Dred Scott was born into slavery in Missouri – He went on a trip with his owner took him to Illinois (f) then to Wisconsin (f) 1. Scott could not sue b/c he was a slave and slaves were not citizens 2. Congress could not stop slavery in states • This issue further • After returning from the trip, divides North & South his owner died. • Scott sued his owner’s wife for his freedom Election of 1860 • 4 Candidates emerged – New Republican Party • Abraham Lincoln – Democrats • Northern Dems support Stephen Douglas • Southern Dems support John Breckenridge – Constitutional Union Party • Abraham Lincoln – Against slavery, but will not try to remove it from south – Supports protective tariff – Wants to give free land in the west to settlers – Supports building the Transcontinental Railroad with one end in the north and the other out west. • John Bell of Kentucky • To the South, the Republicans & Lincoln appear to be against everything the south wants Election of 1860 – Lincoln, Douglas, Breckenridge & Bell Election Results 1860 • http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/national.ph p?year=1860 Debate over GA secession & Alexander Stephens • Immediately after Lincoln’s election, Georgians began to discuss secession – Most Georgians support the Union, but more strongly support State’s Rights • Alexander Stephens argues strongly against secession • Gov. Joe Brown, Robert Toombs & Thomas Cobb strongly support secession and outweigh Stephens’ pleas The Union Breaks • South Carolina secedes in Dec. 1860 • Confederate States of America formed, Feb. 4, 1861 • Georgia secedes in Jan. 1861 – Jefferson Davis (Mississippi) elected President – Alexander Stephens elected Vice President • Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana and Texas all secede by Feb. 1861 • against secession now VP?!?! – Robert Toombs named Secretary of State