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Section 1
War Erupts
The secession of the Southern states quickly
lead to armed conflict between the North and
the South.
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War Erupts
First Shots at Fort Sumter
Confederate battery at Fort Moultrie firing on
Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor on April
12–13, 1861. Lithograph, Currier & Ives.
• Southern states take over most federal forts
within their borders
• Federal troops hold Fort Sumter, harbor of
Charleston, South Carolina
• Abraham Lincoln decides to send supply ships
to Fort Sumter
• Confederates attack fort before supplies arrive,
start Civil War
• U.S. troops defend fort for 34 hours, then
surrender
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Lincoln Calls Out the Militia
• President Lincoln asks states for militiamen to
put down uprising
• In the upper South, state leaders refuse
request
• Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Arkansas
join Confederacy
• Volunteers rush to enlist in both North and
South
• Confederate capital is moved to Richmond,
Virginia (May, 1861)
• Robert E. Lee becomes commanding general
of Northern Virginia
Portrait of Robert E. Lee.
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Choosing Sides
• Border states—slave states that border states
in which slavery illegal
• Include Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky,
Missouri
• Maryland stays in Union, keeps Washington D.C.
within the Union
• Kentucky, Missouri, Delaware stay in Union
• Western counties, Virginia break away, form
Union state, West Virginia
• 24 states make up the Union, 11 states join the
Confederacy
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Strengths and Weaknesses
• North has 22 million people, South has 9
million people
• 85 percent of nation’s factories located in the
North
• North has more railroad mileage, all the naval
power, shipyards
• Union has great leader, President Abraham
Lincoln
Map
Continued . . .
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Continued
Strengths and Weaknesses
• Confederacy has able generals
• Union supply lines will have to stretch far to
invade the South
• Confederates defending homes, have more
will to fight than invaders
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The Confederate Strategy
• Confederacy takes defensive position, does
not want to conquer North
• Uses King Cotton to win foreign support,
withholds cotton exports
• Hopes to force Britain, France to aid the
Confederates
• Europeans have cotton surplus, don’t want to
get involved
• South becomes offensive, tries for big victories
to demoralize North
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The Union Strategy
• North develops offensive strategy
• General Winfield Scott’s Anaconda Plan—
smother the South’s economy
• Use naval blockade of South’s coastline
• Blockade— armed forces stop goods, people
into or out of an area
• Gain control of the Mississippi River, split
Confederacy in two
• Scott’s plan takes time, Lincoln decides to
invade Virginia (1861)
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Battle of Bull Run
• Confederates defeat Union troops at First
Battle of Bull Run (1861)
• Victory thrills South, North has underestimated
their opponent
• Lincoln sends militia home, calls for real army
of 500,000 volunteers
Battle of Bull Run VA, July 21st, 1861.
Engraving (1861), Currier & Ives.
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Section 2
Life in the Army
Both Union and Confederate soldiers endure
many hardships serving in the army during
the Civil War.
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Life in the Army
Those Who Fought
• Most Civil War soldiers are between 18 and 30
years of age
• Most soldiers are farmers, majority are born in
U.S.
• Some immigrants serve, most are from
Germany, Ireland
• African Americans want to fight, not accepted
in North, South armies
• Later, North accepts African Americans into its
ranks
Confederate volunteers posing for
a Richmond photographer before
the Battle of First Bull Run in 1861.
Continued . . .
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Continued
Those Who Fought
• Most Civil War soldiers are volunteers, they
volunteer to:
- escape boredom of factory, farm work
- join friends, neighbors
- seek adventure, glory
- get recruitment money
- show loyalty to country, state
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Turning Civilians into Soldiers
• After enlisting, a soldier is sent to training
camp, usually lives in tent
• Follows training schedule, gets uniform,
clothing often poor quality
• At camp, soldiers get plenty of food; in the
field, get limited food
The 36th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment drilling at
their winter quarters near Langley, Virginia (c. 1861).
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Hardships of Army Life
• Civil War soldiers in field, often wet, cold, live
in crude shelters
• Camps are unsanitary, soldiers often go for
weeks without bathing
• Results in poor hygiene—conditions, practices
that promote health
• Causes widespread sicknesses
A sick soldier sitting near shelters
during the Civil War around 1863.
Image
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Changes in Military Technology
• Weapons improve, results in:
- higher casualty rate
- battle tactics change
• Use rifles—guns with grooved barrel, cause
bullets to spin
• Minié ball—bullet with hollow base
• Rifles using minié balls shoot farther, more
accurately than muskets
Continued . . .
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Continued
Changes in Military Technology
• Ironclads—warships covered with iron, better
than wooden warships
• First ironclad battle off coast of Virginia (1862)
includes:
- Confederate Virginia (Merrimack)
- Union Monitor
• After about four hours, battle ends in a draw
Naval duel between the Union Monitor and the
Confederate Merrimack (or Virginia) on March 9, 1862.
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Section 3
No End in Sight
In the first two years of the war, neither side
gains a decisive victory over the other.
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No End in Sight
Union Victories in the West
• Ulysses S. Grant, Union general in the West
• Grant’s forces capture two Confederate river
forts in Tennessee
• Residents of Nashville flee, Union troops
march into Nashville (1862)
Portrait of Ulysses S. Grant.
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The Battle of Shiloh
• Union army fights Confederate army at Battle
of Shiloh (1862)
• Union troops are lead by Ulysses S. Grant
• Confederate commanding general Albert S.
Johnston is killed
• Fresh Union troops arrive, South retreats
• 13,000 Union soldiers are killed, 11,000
Confederates are killed
Interactive
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The Fall of New Orleans
• Admiral David Farragut, Union fleet capture
New Orleans
• Union controls most of the Mississippi River
• Confederates control stretch of river near their
fort at Vicksburg
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Lee Claims Victories in the East
• General George McClellan, Union troops
attempt to capture Richmond
• Confederate Jeb Stuart, cavalry (soldiers on
horseback) spy McClellan
• Report size of Union army, Robert E. Lee’s
army attacks Union army
• Both sides clash for a week
• Confederates defeat Union army at Seven
Days’ Battles (1862)
• Lee ends the Union threat in Virginia
J. E. B. Stuart leading a raid around General
George McClellan’s army (June 1862).
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Lee Invades the North
• General Lee, troops invade Maryland
(September 1862)
• Several reasons for taking war to the North:
- hopes victory in North will force President
Lincoln to talk peace
- gives Virginia farmers a rest from war during
harvest
- Confederates could plunder Northern
farmers for food
- hopes invasion will convince Britain, France
to aid Confederacy
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Bloody Antietam
• General McClellan’s army fights Lee’s army,
Battle of Antietam (1862)
• After 1 day, neither side gains ground, 25,000
men are killed, wounded
• Lee’s crippled army retreats into Virginia,
McClellan fails to pursue
• President Lincoln fires McClellan
Battle of Antietam in Maryland on September
17, 1862. Depiction (1888), Kurz & Allison.
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