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CHAPTER 16
Citizenship
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The date is April 12, 1861. You and other residents of
Charleston, South Carolina, watch the bombardment of
Fort Sumter by Confederate forces. This event signals the
beginning of the Civil War—a war between factions or
regions of the same country.
How might a civil war be worse than other wars?
• What sort of physical destruction might
take place in a civil war?
• What social, political, and economic
trouble might be likely to occur in a
civil war?
• What might happen when a civil war
breaks out?
March 4, 1861 Abraham Lincoln inaugurated
as president.
April 12, 1861 Confederate forces fire on
Fort Sumter.
July 21, 1861 First Battle of Bull Run
(Manassas) occurs.
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March 9, 1862 The warships Monitor and
Merrimack (orVirginia) clash.
April 6, 1862 Battle of Shiloh takes place.
April 25, 1862 New Orleans falls to Union forces.
To World
September 17, 1862 Battle of Antietam
(Sharpsburg) occurs.
March, 1861 Italy unified under King Victor
Emmanuel II.
May 13, 1861 Britain declares neutrality in
American Civil War.
April 13, 1862 France annexes Cochin China
(southern Vietnam).
May 5, 1862 French troops are defeated at
Puebla, Mexico.
June 25, 1862 Imperial decree expels foreigners
from Japan.
September, 1862 Bismarck becomes prime
minister of Prussia.
Back to U.S.
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Main Idea
The secession of the Southern states
quickly led to armed conflict between the
North and the South.
Why It Matters Now
The nation’s identity was in part forged
by the Civil War.
Map
What were some similarities and differences between the
North and the South?
North
More manpower
85 percent of
nation’s factories
Double the
railroad mileage
Almost all naval
power and
shipyards
Both
Believed in
what they were
fighting for
Many eager
volunteers
Public support
for the war
South
First-rate generals
Defending the
homeland
King Cotton
• How did citizens in the North and the
South respond to the outbreak of the
Civil War?
• Why were the border states important to
both sides in the Civil War?
• What kind of military strategy did each
side develop?
Map
Comparing
How was the South’s situation in the
Civil War similar to the situation of the
Patriots in the Revolutionary War?
Think About
• their reasons for fighting
• their opponents’ strengths
Back to Home
Main Idea
Both Union and Confederate soldiers endured
many hardships serving in the army during the
Civil War.
Why It Matters Now
The hardships endured led to long-lasting
bitterness on both sides.
What were some of the characteristics of a
typical Civil War soldier?
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THE TYPICAL CIVIL WAR SOLDIER
Age
Between 18 and 30
Occupation
Farmer
Training
Many long daily drill sessions
Hardships
Inadequate food and clothing, crude
shelters, dirty camps that stank, poor
personal hygiene, chronic sickness,
poor medical treatment
• How were the wartime experiences of Northern
and Southern soldiers alike?
• What factors contributed to the spread of disease
among soldiers?
• How did the use of the rifle and minié ball change
combat tactics in the Civil War?
Forming and Supporting Opinions
What were the motives that led
individual soldiers to fight in the
Civil War?
Think About
• the multiple reasons that people had for enlisting
• what you consider valid reasons for fighting
Back to Home
Main Idea
In the first two years of the war, neither side
gained a decisive victory over the other.
Why It Matters Now
A long war can cause much death and
destruction and leave a bitter legacy.
What key events of the Civil War occurred
between 1860 and 1863?
1860
February 1862 Capture of Fort Henry
and Fort Donelson
April 6, 1862 Battle of Shiloh
April 25, 1862 Fall of New Orleans
June 25 to July 1, 1862 Seven Days’ Battles
September 17, 1862 Battle of Antietam
1863
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• Why were Union victories in the West and the fall
of New Orleans significant to the Union cause?
• Why did Lee go on the offensive against the
North?
• How did the South’s fortunes change after Lee
took command of the Army of Northern
Virginia?
Making Inferences
What does Lee’s invasion of the North suggest about
his qualities as a general and a leader?
Think About
• Lee’s military skills and style
• the North’s resources
Back to Home
REVIEW QUESTIONS
ANSWERS: READ AND TAKE NOTES
1 How and when did the Civil War start?
2 What advantages did the North have at the beginning
of the war?
3 What were the war strategies of the two sides?
4 What was the typical Civil War soldier like?
5 Why did so many people volunteer to fight in the
Civil War?
6 Why was the incidence of disease so high among
Civil War soldiers?
7 How did the use of rifles and minié balls change war
tactics?
8 What goal of the Union strategy did Grant further, and
how did he do it?
9 Why did the North have such a hard time capturing
Richmond, Virginia?
10 How did Lee’s appointment to head the Army of
Northern Virginia affect the course of the war?
Comparing and Contrasting
NORTH
SOUTH
Reasons for fighting
to preserve Union
to defend homeland
Advantages
greater manpower and resources
fighting on their own territory
Disadvantages
hard to carry battle to enemy
fewer resources and soldiers
Military strategy
surrounding and overwhelming
the South
holding out until North grew
weary
Battle victories
Shiloh, Antietam
Bull Run, Seven Days’ Battles
Back to Home
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