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Bellringer • What is ministerial responsibility? • What country did Otto von Bismarck lead? • What crisis will ultimately lead to World War I? Chapter 13 Mass Society and Democracy Section 4 Toward the Modern Consciousness A New Physics • Before 1914 the Enlightenment ideals of reason, science, and progress remained important to many Europeans. • Science was a chief pillar of the West’s optimism about the future. Newtonian • Mechanical conception of the universe. Marie Curie • French scientific discovered radium, an element that gave off energy. Albert Einstein • 1905 – German physicist provided a new picture of the universe. • Theory of relativity – space & time aren’t absolute but are relative to the observer. • Led to the Atomic Age Sigmund Freud • Dr. from Vienna • Proposed theories about the human mind and human nature. • Human behavior is influenced by past experiences and internal forces that people are unaware of. • Begins in childhood. Sigmund Freud • Proposed psychoanalysis where patient and therapist probe deep into the patient’s psyche through free association, talking, and dream analysis. Social Darwinism • Argument that social progress comes from the struggle for survival. • Applied mostly by businessmen. Freidrich von Bernhardi • German general that said war was a biological necessity for society to rid it of the weak and unfit. Anti-Semitism • Hostility and discrimination against Jews. • Dreyfus Affair – Alfred Dreyfus, Jewish captain, was accused of selling military secrets. • Sentenced to life imprisonment even though evidence pointed to the guilt of a Catholic officer. • Public outrage finally resulted in a pardon. Anti-Semitism • Worst treatment was in eastern Europe. • In Russia there were organized persecutions and massacres called pogroms. • To escape, many went to the U.S. or Palestine. The Culture of Modernity • Modernism was created with the rebellion against traditional artistic and literary styles. Literature • Writers Henrik Ibsen and Emile Zola depicted social conditions and grappled with social issues. Painting • Claude Monet – Impressionist painter who used the light to capture objects. Painting • Vincent van Gogh – Postimpressionist that believed color was its own kind of language. Painting • Wassily Kandinsky – Russian who founded abstract painting. Painting • Pablo Picasso – created cubism that used geometric designs to recreate reality. • That’s an Apple Tree Camera • George Eastman created the first Kodak camera in 1888. Architecture • Louis Sullivan designed skyscrapers to be a more practical use of space. Architecture • Frank Lloyd Wright – Sullivan’s most successful pupil. • Pioneered the modern American house. Music • Igor Stravinsky – Russian classical composer. • The Rite of Spring revolutionized classical music. • At its Paris premiere the crowd almost rioted due to outrage of the sounds and rhythms. End of Chapter 13