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Macromolecules The Stuff of Life Common Characteristics • Based on Carbon • Mostly Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen and Nitrogen (97% of most organisms) • All but lipids are polymers • All formed by dehydration synthesis and broken by hydrolysis • Dehydration Synthesis-Hydrolysis Monomers and Polymers • Mono = One - Monomer = • Di = Two - Dimer = • Poly = Three or more - Poly = Carbohydrates • CH2O • Main energy source • 4 calories/gram • Used for Structure • Quick energy storage Carbohydrates • Monomer : • Dimers : Examples Examples Uses in Organisms • Starch - Plant energy storage • Glycogen - Animal energy storage • Cellulose - Plant structure Lipids • Only macromolecule that is not a polymer (only two pieces, not a repeat) • Two parts 1) glycerol 2) fatty acids (up to thee) Lipid Formation Lipids Cont • Energy Storage 9 calories/gram • Structure : cell membranes • Signals : hormones Saturated Fatty Acids Versus Unsaturated •Lipids can have double bonds •Only single bonds = saturated (solid, fat) •Single double bond = Monounsaturaed (liquid, oil) •More than one = Polyunsaturated (liquid, oil) Proteins • Monomer : • 20 different types with a common structure • Made of carbon hydrogen and oxygen • Shape defines function Protein Functions • Structure e.g. collagen • Regulate reactions in the cell: enzymes • Transport substances into and out of the cell Levels of Structure • Protein Folding Animation • Protein Folding Animation 2 • Primary • Secondary • Tertiary • Quaternary Nucleic Acids • Contain N, H, O, C, P • Monomer: • Polymers 1) 2) • Nucleotides - 3 Parts 1) 2) 3) • Sugar-Phosphate backbone • Bases store hereditary information Chemical reactions and enzymes Why we don’t burst into flames Chemical Reactions • Breaking of bonds in reactants and formation of bonds in products CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H20 (reactants) (products) • Must follow “Law of Conservation of Mass” “Matter is neither created or destroyed” Means the number of atoms in the reactants must equal the number of atoms in the products Energy in Reactions • All reactions require some activation energy Why do you strike a match? • Some reactions will occur completely spontaneously (can supply their own activation energy) Vinegar and Baking Soda CH3COOH + NaHCO3 CH3COO- + Na+ + H2O + CO2 Production of water from hydrogen and oxygen gas YouTube - Huge Hydrogen & Oxygen Balloon Explosion Enzymes • Molecules that act as biological catalysts - Substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being used in the reaction itself - Lowers activation energy • Usually protein Importance in life • Slow down reactions that would release a lot of energy Sugar Burning (The way we get energy) C6H12O6 + 6O2 6H2O + 6CO2 • Allow reactions to happen that normally would not due to high activation energy Enzyme Substrate Complex • Lock and key model • Substrate = reactants enzyme acts on Regulation of Enzyme Activity • pH • Temperature • Inhibitors