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Transcript
Lectures on
Plant Physiology
Prepared by
Prof Mohammed Naguib Abdel-Ghany
Haseneen
Professor of Plant physiology
For
Pre-Dental Students
1
Contents
• Plant Cell
– Plant Cell structure and function
• Different Bio-Physico-Chemical Phenomena
–
–
–
–
Colloids
Diffusion
Osmosis
Imbibitions
• The Enzymes
–
–
–
–
Structure
Mode of action
Inhibitors
Factors affecting enzymatic activity
2
Cont.
• Metabolism
• Respiration
– Glycolysis, TAC, Fermentation
– Factors affecting rate of respiration
•
•
•
•
Amino acid and protein metabolism
Biotechnology
-What is biotechnology?
Biotechnology benefit
3
1- Plant Cell (Structure and Function)
• Cells are the basic unit of life.
• Cells carryout all the necessary functions for
life such as: reproduction, taking in nutrients
and excreting wastes.
• Cells are made up of chemicals and
molecules. Human cells contain mostly
water.
4
The Cell
• Cells are classified as prokaryotic and
eukaryotic.
• Prokaryotic cells lack a well-defined nucleus
and many organelles. Bacteria are
prokaryotic cells.
• Eukaryotic cells include the protists, fungi,
plant and animal cells. We will study these
cells during this lab.
5
The Cell
• Animal Cells
• Have centrioles
• Store glucose as
glycogen
• Do not have a cell wall
• Contain mitochondria
• Plant Cells
• Lack centrioles
• Store glucose as
cellulose or starch
• Have a cell wall
• Have large vacuoles
• Contain chloroplasts
as well as
mitochondria
6
The Cell
• Animal Cell
• Click on the cell to
study it in more detail
• Plant Cell
• Click on the cell to
study it in more detail
7
Animal Cell
Click on each organelle to learn its function. When you have finished click on the
arrow button to study the plant cell.
8
Plant Cell
Click on each organelle to study its function. When you have finished click here to
study the animal cell or here to continue this lab.
9
Cell is a unit or module of plant organization
- Supports cells & plant
- Controls cell growth &
shape
10
Cell Wall
•
•
•
•
Only found in plant cells
Surrounds cell membrane
Composed of lignin and cellulose
Function to strengthen and protect plant cells.
11
Cell Wall
• Structural functions
– Provides rigidity to plant
– Determines size and shape of cell
– Determines size and shape of plant
• Other functions
–
–
–
–
Absorption
Transport
Secretion
Cell-cell communication
12
Structure of cell wall
• Cellulose is principal component
– Repeated monomers of glucose attached end to end
– Bundled into microfibrils
– Crystalline properties
• Cellulose matrix is embedded in matrix of
noncellulosic molecules
– Provide cross-links between cellulose microfibrils
– Pectins = hydophilic polysaccharides
– Glycoproteins- extensins
13
Structure of cell wall continued
• Primary wall
– Formed first while cells growing and dividing
– Enriched in pectins and water (to allow expansion)
• Middle lamella
– Joins adjacent cells
– Mostly pectins
14
Cell wall structure continued
• Secondary wall
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Not all cells form
Deposited after cell has stopped growing
Inside primary wall
More cellulose
Pectins lacking
Rigid
Formed by cells that provide strength or transport
15
Cell walls (yellow) separated by middle
lamella (black)
16
17
Middle lamella (black) separates walls from
2 different cells
Cell
membrane
contacts
inner part of
wall
18
Cellulose is polymer of glucose that aggregates
into threads (microfibrils)
19
Cellulose
threads
are woven in
cell wall
20