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ICES – Session 1 1 Registered Charity No. 1095398 and a Company Limited by Guarantee Registered No. 04586634 © Deafax, 2010 Inclusion Communication Education Support Rubbena Aurangzeb-Tariq Registered Charity No. 1095398 and a Company Limited by Guarantee Registered No. 04586634 © Deafax, 2010 ICES – Session 1 About Deafax • Founded in 1985 • Worked with over 30,000 deaf people • Honorary President – Vint Cerf (Founder of the internet) 3 Registered Charity No. 1095398 and a Company Limited by Guarantee Registered No. 04586634 © Deafax, 2010 ICES – Session 1 Our Mission Empowering Deaf people through Technology 4 Registered Charity No. 1095398 and a Company Limited by Guarantee Registered No. 04586634 © Deafax, 2010 ICES – Session 1 What does Deafax do?? • Creates resources e.g. software, materials, etc 5 Registered Charity No. 1095398 and a Company Limited by Guarantee Registered No. 04586634 © Deafax, 2010 ICES – Session 1 What does Deafax do?? • Creates training packages a workshop/ training course is developed based on the learning needs 6 Registered Charity No. 1095398 and a Company Limited by Guarantee Registered No. 04586634 © Deafax, 2010 ICES – Session 1 What does Deafax do?? • Delivers workshops/training … to schools, colleges, companies, etc 7 Registered Charity No. 1095398 and a Company Limited by Guarantee Registered No. 04586634 © Deafax, 2010 ICES – Session 1 About me Rubbena Aurangzeb-Tariq 8 Registered Charity No. 1095398 and a Company Limited by Guarantee Registered No. 04586634 © Deafax, 2010 Session 1 Registered Charity No. 1095398 and a Company Limited by Guarantee Registered No. 04586634 © Deafax, 2010 ICES – Session 1 History of Sign Language & British Sign Language Today 10 Registered Charity No. 1095398 and a Company Limited by Guarantee Registered No. 04586634 © Deafax, 2010 ICES – Session 1 Group Work How old is sign language? How were deaf children learning in education ? What BSL means today for Deaf people? 11 Registered Charity No. 1095398 and a Company Limited by Guarantee Registered No. 04586634 © Deafax, 2010 ICES – Session 1 Sign Language • Rich Expressive Language - uses position and movement of hands, face and body • Full Grammar - based on space and timing • Creative and Adaptable Vocabulary • Long Cultural and Artistic Heritage - signed stories and poems Registered Charity No. 1095398 and a Company Limited by Guarantee Registered No. 04586634 12 © Deafax, 2010 ICES – Session 1 Development of Sign Language • 1st recorded evidence of use in 16th century • Developed into the British Sign Language (BSL) • Estimated 70,000 BSL users in the UK • BSL recognised as the 4th national language in Britain by UK Government on 18th March 2003 Registered Charity No. 1095398 and a Company Limited by Guarantee Registered No. 04586634 13 © Deafax, 2010 ICES – Session 1 Sign Language Myths! • There is a universal Sign Language! False - Each country has its own sign language with strong regional dialects - But they have more in common than spoken languages Cont... Registered Charity No. 1095398 and a Company Limited by Guarantee Registered No. 04586634 14 © Deafax, 2010 ICES – Session 1 • It’s just gestures or a lot of hand waving! False - They have unique vocabulary and grammar • Sign languages are fixed False - Living languages, new signs are added as necessary - Generational differences are very strong 15 Registered Charity No. 1095398 and a Company Limited by Guarantee Registered No. 04586634 © Deafax, 2010 ICES – Session 1 Deaf Clubs Traditionally provided a focus for cultural life of Deaf people 16 Registered Charity No. 1095398 and a Company Limited by Guarantee Registered No. 04586634 © Deafax, 2010 ICES – Session 1 BSL Today • Deaf people who use BSL think of themselves in a distinct community • Deaf community has it own rules of polite behaviour, social behaviour and communication behaviour • Sign Language influences deaf culture • These all depend on visual signals 17 Registered Charity No. 1095398 and a Company Limited by Guarantee Registered No. 04586634 © Deafax, 2010 ICES – Session 1 Deafness – The Stats • What 90% ofisdeaf children areofborn hearinginparents the percentage deaftochildren hearingand siblings families? What19% is the of parents • Only ofpercentage these parents learn towho sign can sign? - 1st or home language often not BSL - Many start school without a full language Whatofisdeaf the average ageschool of deaf 16yr olds? • 66% 16 year reading olds leave with a reading age of 8/9 yrs. (1992) 18 Registered Charity No. 1095398 and a Company Limited by Guarantee Registered No. 04586634 © Deafax, 2010 ICES – Session 1 Signing • Mix of hand shapes and non-manual features • Signing space - location of signs within space • Order of signs can change the meaning • Speed of signing is slower than speech - means possible to interpret between spoken and signed without loss of meaning Registered Charity No. 1095398 and a Company Limited by Guarantee Registered No. 04586634 19 © Deafax, 2010 Deaf Education Registered Charity No. 1095398 and a Company Limited by Guarantee Registered No. 04586634 © Deafax, 2010 ICES – Session 1 Milan Congress 1880 • Educators: - rejected sign language preferring oral methods - recommended children should be … ‘taught to speak and lip-read on pure oral system’ • Results: - Focus was on development of speech skills - Sign languages banned in schools 21 - Loss in educational development of deaf people Registered Charity No. 1095398 and a Company Limited by Guarantee Registered No. 04586634 © Deafax, 2010 ICES – Session 1 Effect on Deaf Community • Negative experience of education • BSL was not used in schools • Deaf people lived with no access to their preferred language • Many did not fulfil their educational potential Registered Charity No. 1095398 and a Company Limited by Guarantee Registered No. 04586634 22 © Deafax, 2010 ICES – Session 1 20th Century Deaf Education THEN: • Majority of Deaf educated in Residential Schools - Young children often sent aged 5 NOW: • Only 25 deaf schools left • Integration and ‘Units for hearing impaired children’ (Influenced by Warnock Report 1978) Registered Charity No. 1095398 and a Company Limited by Guarantee Registered No. 04586634 23 © Deafax, 2010 ICES – Session 1 Different Learning Environments Incidental Learning Hearing Children learn a lot from what they hear directly or indirectly e.g. people talking, radio & television, etc Deaf children miss out on all this learning! - making it difficult to communicate with others - slowing down or even preventing learning - need extra support to help them to learn Registered Charity No. 1095398 and a Company Limited by Guarantee Registered No. 04586634 24 © Deafax, 2010 ICES – Session 1 Developing Languages • Children who acquire a loss of hearing after they have learnt to talk still need support to continue learning, to preserve their speech • Children who are born deaf, or lose their hearing before spoken language develops, benefit from learning sign language 25 Registered Charity No. 1095398 and a Company Limited by Guarantee Registered No. 04586634 © Deafax, 2010 ICES – Session 1 Education “Deaf people can do anything that hearing people can do, except hear” • A good and suitable education means deaf children are every bit as capable as hearing children • They have the same range of ability 26 Registered Charity No. 1095398 and a Company Limited by Guarantee Registered No. 04586634 © Deafax, 2010 SIGN SYSTEMS Registered Charity No. 1095398 and a Company Limited by Guarantee Registered No. 04586634 © Deafax, 2010 Brainstorming Time! Different types of Sign Systems What Are they? Discuss Registered Charity No. 1095398 and a Company Limited by Guarantee Registered No. 04586634 © Deafax, 2010 ICES – Session 1 Sign Systems • • • • • • • Paget-Gorman Makaton Finger-spelling Sign Supported English (SSE) Signed English (SE) Cued Speech British Sign Language (BSL) 29 Registered Charity No. 1095398 and a Company Limited by Guarantee Registered No. 04586634 © Deafax, 2010 ICES – Session 1 Paget-Gorman (1930s) • Used to support learning difficulties or specific language difficulties • Invented Signs mimicking objects or actions • Words match Signs (but not BSL signs) • Sign can have ending added for English tenses e.g. -ing or –ed • Grammatical teaching tool • Not a language 30 Registered Charity No. 1095398 and a Company Limited by Guarantee Registered No. 04586634 © Deafax, 2010 ICES – Session 1 Makaton (1970s) • Designed for people with learning or communication difficulties • Different versions used in over 40 countries • Language Programme uses iconic symbols, speech and signs • Has basic simple core vocabulary – developed by user • Uses signs from own native sign language but not the grammar 31 • A communication tool, but not a language Registered Charity No. 1095398 and a Company Limited by Guarantee Registered No. 04586634 © Deafax, 2010 ICES – Session 1 Sign Supported English (SSE) • Spoken sentences with signed keywords • Uses BSL signs but some words remain spoken only • Similar to Signed English • Not an independent language 32 Registered Charity No. 1095398 and a Company Limited by Guarantee Registered No. 04586634 © Deafax, 2010 ICES – Session 1 Signed English (SE) • Each word in the sentence is signed • BUT follows the grammatical structure of English which means it can be signed and spoken together • Similar vocabulary to BSL but includes: ‘a’, ‘the’ ‘or’ ‘and’…. which are not in BSL • Not an independent language 33 Registered Charity No. 1095398 and a Company Limited by Guarantee Registered No. 04586634 © Deafax, 2010 ICES – Session 1 Cued Speech • Sound-based system • Uses eight hand shapes in four different positions (cues) • Combination of natural lip-patterns with speech, to make all the sounds of spoken language • Not an independent language 34 Registered Charity No. 1095398 and a Company Limited by Guarantee Registered No. 04586634 © Deafax, 2010 ICES – Session 1 Finger-spelling • Originally designed as a hearing code • Now part of BSL used as manual representation of English alphabet • Used to spell words – names, places etc • British finger-spelling is two-handed • American is one-handed Registered Charity No. 1095398 and a Company Limited by Guarantee Registered No. 04586634 35 © Deafax, 2010 ICES – Session 1 British Sign Language (2003) • Formally recognised as 4th National language by the Government • Uses both hands and the face • Face provides important information about signs • Without facial expressions language may be incomplete and unrecognised 36 Registered Charity No. 1095398 and a Company Limited by Guarantee Registered No. 04586634 © Deafax, 2010 ICES – Session 1 Basic Composition of BSL • BSL Dictionary (Brennan) suggested there are three types of signs: • Manual – different hand-shapes • Non-Manual – facial and body movement • Multi-Channel – Combination of the two 37 Registered Charity No. 1095398 and a Company Limited by Guarantee Registered No. 04586634 © Deafax, 2010 ICES – Session 1 Using BSL • Movement • Signing Space • Facial & Body Expressions • Placement • Eye Contact 38 Registered Charity No. 1095398 and a Company Limited by Guarantee Registered No. 04586634 © Deafax, 2010 Hearing Registered Charity No. 1095398 and a Company Limited by Guarantee Registered No. 04586634 © Deafax, 2010 ICES – Session 1 Ear diagram • Middle This airtransmit Vibrations Bones Sound waves signals ear space of space the hit connects are the the eardrum behind sent vibrations eardrum from tothe the pass the eardrum to back on cochlea the to ofcochlea tiny the is tobone nose the in in the the ear normally by the nerve inner middle Eustachian filled ear andear to with the tube air brain Brain Sound waves air 40 Registered Charity No. 1095398 and a Company Limited by Guarantee Registered No. 04586634 © Deafax, 2010 ICES – Session 1 Audiogram 43 Registered Charity No. 1095398 and a Company Limited by Guarantee Registered No. 04586634 © Deafax, 2010 ICES – Session 1 Hearing Aids Can you name any types of hearing aids? 44 Registered Charity No. 1095398 and a Company Limited by Guarantee Registered No. 04586634 © Deafax, 2010 ICES – Session 1 Analogue & Digital • Different way of collecting sound • Analogue – picks up ALL sounds via microphone • Digital – picks up SELECTED sounds & amplifies them THEN both • Change sound into electrical signals • Signals are then changed / processed by the hardware (transistors) • Converted back into sound • Sent out through earmould Registered Charity No. 1095398 and a Company Limited by Guarantee Registered No. 04586634 45 © Deafax, 2010 ICES – Session 1 Hearing Aids - Types • Completely-in-the-Canal (CIC) • In-the-Canal (ITC) • In-the-Ear (ITE) • Behind-the-Ear (BTE) • Cochlear Implants • Radio Aids Registered Charity No. 1095398 and a Company Limited by Guarantee Registered No. 04586634 46 © Deafax, 2010 ICES – Session 1 Completely-in-the-Canal (CIC) • Designed to fit deep into the ear canal where they cannot be seen • Suits mild to moderate hearing loss • Does not suit severe hearing loss or narrow ear canals Registered Charity No. 1095398 and a Company Limited by Guarantee Registered No. 04586634 47 © Deafax, 2010 ICES – Session 1 In-the-Canal (ITC) • Custom-made to fit the ear • Suits mild to moderate hearing loss • Does not suit severe hearing loss 48 Registered Charity No. 1095398 and a Company Limited by Guarantee Registered No. 04586634 © Deafax, 2010 ICES – Session 1 In-the-Ear (ITE) • Full shell and fills the outer ear, nothing behind the ear • Suits mild to moderatelysevere hearing loss • Does not suit severe hearing loss 49 Registered Charity No. 1095398 and a Company Limited by Guarantee Registered No. 04586634 © Deafax, 2010 ICES – Session 1 Behind-the-Ear (BTE) • Aids sit behind the ear, with earmould in the ear • Lightweight and a variety of sizes • Suits wide range of hearing loss - from mild to profound • Has selection of directional microphones • Mini BTE available Registered Charity No. 1095398 and a Company Limited by Guarantee Registered No. 04586634 50 © Deafax, 2010 ICES – Session 1 Cochlear Implants • Electrode receiver is surgically implanted into the cochlear • Deaf person wears a microphone (like a hearing aid) and a transmitter which is attached by a magnet to the outside of the head • Converts incoming sound from microphone into electronic signals • Transmitter sends signal to receiver in the cochlear 51 Registered Charity No. 1095398 and a Company Limited by Guarantee Registered No. 04586634 © Deafax, 2010 ICES – Session 1 Radio Aids • Teacher wears microphone and transmitter • Receiver connected to the hearing aid and worn by deaf individual • Reduces background noise as sound goes directly into hearing aid • Wear at home or school 52 Registered Charity No. 1095398 and a Company Limited by Guarantee Registered No. 04586634 © Deafax, 2010 Know Your ABC … Registered Charity No. 1095398 and a Company Limited by Guarantee Registered No. 04586634 © Deafax, 2010 Questions Registered Charity No. 1095398 and a Company Limited by Guarantee Registered No. 04586634 © Deafax, 2010 ICES – Session 1 55 Registered Charity No. 1095398 and a Company Limited by Guarantee Registered No. 04586634 © Deafax, 2010