Download Chapter 13 Section 3 Life in the Ocean

Chapter 13
Exploring the Oceans
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Section 1 Earth’s Oceans
Section 2 The Ocean Floor
Section 3 Life in the Ocean
Section 4 Resources from the Ocean
Section 5 Ocean Pollution
Concept Mapping
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Chapter 13
Section 1 Earth’s Oceans
Objectives
• List the major divisions of the global ocean.
• Describe the history of Earth’s oceans.
• Identify the properties of ocean water.
• Describe the interactions between the ocean and
the atmosphere.
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Chapter 13
Section 1 Earth’s Oceans
Divisions of the Global Ocean
• The largest ocean is the Pacific Ocean.
• The other oceans, listed from largest to
smallest, are:
• the Atlantic Ocean
• the Indian Ocean
• the Arctic Ocean
• the Southern Ocean
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Chapter 13
Section 1 Earth’s Oceans
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Chapter 13
Section 1 Earth’s Oceans
How Did the Oceans Form?
• About 4.5 billion years ago, there were no oceans.
• Sometime before 4 billion years ago, water vapor in
the atmosphere condensed and fell as rain.
• The rain filled the deeper levels of Earth’s surface
and the first oceans began to form.
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Chapter 13
Section 1 Earth’s Oceans
How Did the Oceans Form?, continued
• The shape of the oceans has changed over time.
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Chapter 13
Section 1 Earth’s Oceans
Characteristics of Ocean Water
• Dissolved Gases Nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon
dioxide are the main gases dissolved in ocean water.
• Solids Sodium
chloride, or table salt,
is the most abundant
dissolved solid in the
ocean. Other solids are
also found in ocean
water.
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Chapter 13
Section 1 Earth’s Oceans
Characteristics of Ocean Water, continued
• Salinity is a measure of the amount of dissolved
solids in a given amount of liquid.
• Changes in Salinity Climate and water movement
affect salinity. Costal water in cool, humid places has
a low salinity. Slow-moving bodies of water have
higher salinity than other parts of the ocean do.
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Chapter 13
Section 1 Earth’s Oceans
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Chapter 13
Section 1 Earth’s Oceans
Characteristics of Ocean Water, continued
• Temperature Zones The temperature of ocean
water decreases as depth increases.
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Chapter 13
Section 1 Earth’s Oceans
Characteristics of Ocean Water, continued
• Surface Temperature Changes Surface-zone
temperatures vary with latitude and the time of year.
• Surface temperatures range from 1ºC near the
poles to about 24 ºC near the equator.
• The surface zone is heated more in the summer.
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Chapter 13
Section 1 Earth’s Oceans
The Ocean and the Water Cycle
• The water cycle is the continuous movement of
water from the ocean to the atmosphere to the land
and back to the ocean.
• The ocean is an important part of the water cycle
because nearly all of Earth’s water is in the ocean.
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Chapter 13
Section 1 Earth’s Oceans
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Chapter 13
Section 1 Earth’s Oceans
A Global Thermostat
• The ocean regulates atmospheric temperatures.
• A Thermal Exchange The ocean absorbs and
releases thermal energy much more slowly than dry
land does.
• The circulation of warm water causes some coastal
lands to have warmer climates than they would have
with the currents.
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Chapter 13
Section 2 The Ocean Floor
Objectives
• Describe technologies for studying the ocean floor.
• Identify the two major regions of the ocean floor.
• Classify subdivisions and features of the two major
regions of the ocean floor.
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Chapter 13
Section 2 The Ocean Floor
Studying the Ocean Floor
• Seeing by Sonar Scientists use sonar to
determine the ocean’s depth.
• Oceanography via Satellite Scientists use images
from the satellite Seasat to study ocean currents.
• Studying the Ocean with Geosat Scientists use
the Geosat satellite to measure slight changes in the
height of the ocean’s surface.
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Chapter 13
Section 2 The Ocean Floor
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Chapter 13
Section 2 The Ocean Floor
Revealing the Ocean Floor
• Regions of the Ocean Floor The two regions of
the ocean floor are the continental margin and the
deep-ocean basin.
• Underwater Real Estate The continental margin
and the deep-ocean basin are subdivided into
different areas and have different features, as shown
on the next two slides.
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Chapter 13
Section 2 The Ocean Floor
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Chapter 13
Section 2 The Ocean Floor
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Chapter 13
Section 2 The Ocean Floor
Exploring the Ocean with Underwater
Vessels
• Piloted Vessels: Alvin and Deep Flight Alvin and
Deep Flight are two research vessels that can reach
some of the deepest parts of the ocean.
• Robotic Vessels: JASON II and Medea JASON II
and Medea are a robotic team. JASON II explores
the ocean floor. Medea is attached to JASON II with
a tether and explores above the the sea floor.
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Chapter 13
Section 3 Life in the Ocean
Objectives
• Identify the three groups of marine life.
• Describe the two main ocean environments.
• Identify the ecological zones of the benthic and
pelagic environments.
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Chapter 13
Section 3 Life in the Ocean
Three Groups of Marine Life
• Organisms that float or drift freely near the ocean’s
surface are called plankton.
• Organisms that swim actively in the open ocean are
called nekton.
• Organisms that live on or in the ocean floor are
called benthos.
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Chapter 13
Section 3 Life in the Ocean
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Chapter 13
Section 3 Life in the Ocean
The Benthic Environment
• The Benthic Environment is the region near the
bottom of a pond, lake, or ocean.
• The benthic environment is divided into ecological
zones based on where different types of benthos live.
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Chapter 13
Section 3 Life in the Ocean
The Benthic Environment, continued
• The Intertidal Zone is where the ocean meets the
land.
• The intertidal zone is exposed to air for part of the
day. Organisms found in this zone include starfish,
sea anemones, barnacles, crabs, and seaweed.
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Chapter 13
Section 3 Life in the Ocean
The Benthic Environment, continued
• The Sublittoral Zone The sublittoral zone begins
at the low-tide limit and extends to the continental
shelf, which is about 200 m below sea level.
•The temperature, water pressure, and amount of
sunlight remain fairly constant in this zone. Coral is
found in this zone.
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Chapter 13
Section 3 Life in the Ocean
The Benthic Environment, continued
• The Bathyal Zone The bathyal zone extends
from the continental shelf to the abyssal zone. The
depth of this zone ranges from 200 m to 4,000 m
below sea level.
• Because of the lack of sunlight, few plants are
found in this zone. Animals such as sea stars,
sponges, and octopuses are found here.
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Chapter 13
Section 3 Life in the Ocean
The Benthic Environment, continued
• The Abyssal Zone The abyssal zone is the
largest ecological zone of the ocean and can reach
4,000 m in depth.
• No plants live in this zone. The few animals that
can be found include crabs, sponges, sea
cucumbers, and worms.
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Chapter 13
Section 3 Life in the Ocean
The Benthic Environment, continued
• The Hadal Zone The hadal zone consists of the
floor of the ocean trenches and any organisms
found there. The depth can reach from 6,000 m to
7,000 m below sea level.
• The only organisms that have been found in this
zone include a type of sponge, a few species of
worms, and a type of clam.
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Chapter 13
Section 3 Life in the Ocean
The Pelagic Environment
• The zone near the ocean’s surface and at the
middle depths is called the pelagic environment.
• The pelagic environment is above the abyssal
zone and beyond the littoral zone.
•The two major zones of the pelagic environment
are the neritic zone and the oceanic zone.
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Chapter 13
Section 3 Life in the Ocean
The Pelagic Environment, continued
• The Neritic Zone The neritic zone is a warm,
shallow zone that covers the continental shelf.
• The neritic zone contains the largest concentration
of marine life.
• The neritic zone receives more sunlight than other
ocean zones, allowing plankton to grow and serve as
a food supply.
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Chapter 13
Section 3 Life in the Ocean
The Pelagic Environment, continued
• The Oceanic Zone The oceanic zone includes
the volume of water that covers the entire sea
floor except for the continental shelf.
• The deeper parts of the oceanic zone have
colder water temperatures and much greater
pressure than the neritic zone.
• Organisms are more spread out in the oceanic
zone.
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Chapter 13
Section 4 Resources from the Ocean
Objectives
• List two ways of harvesting the ocean’s living
resources.
• Identify three nonliving resources in the ocean.
• Describe the ocean’s energy resources.
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Chapter 13
Section 4 Resources from the Ocean
Living Resources
• Fishing the Ocean Fish are the larges group of
organisms take from the ocean.
• Farming the Ocean People have begun to raise
ocean fish and other organisms in fish farms to help
meet the demand for seafood.
• Savory Seaweed Many types of seaweed are
harvested from the ocean for use as food.
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Chapter 13
Section 4 Resources from the Ocean
Nonliving Resources
• Oil and Natural Gas Oil and natural gas are
used for energy and are found under layers of
impermeable rock.
• Searching for Oil Scientists use seismic
equipment to find oil and natural gas under the
ocean floor.
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Chapter 13
Section 4 Resources from the Ocean
Nonliving Resources, continued
• Fresh Water and Desalination Fresh water can
be collected for human use by removing the salt from
ocean water.
•Sea-Floor Minerals Scientists estimate that 15% of
the ocean floor is covered with mineral-rich nodules.
However, mining them is costly and difficult.
•Tidal Energy is energy generated from the
movement of the tides.
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Section 4 Resources from the Ocean
Nonliving Resources, continued
• Wave Energy The constant motion of waves is a
clean, renewable energy resource.
• Researchers have found certain areas of the world
where wave energy can generate enough electrical
energy to make building power plants worthwhile.
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Chapter 13
Section 5 Ocean Pollution
Objectives
• Explain the difference between point-source and
nonpoint-source pollution
• Identify three different types of point-source
pollution.
• Describe what is being done to control ocean
pollution.
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Chapter 13
Section 5 Ocean Pollution
Nonpoint-Source Pollution
• Pollution that comes from many sources rather than
from a single site is called nonpoint-source
pollution.
• Most ocean pollution is nonpoint-source pollution
and can be difficult to regulate and control.
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Chapter 13
Section 5 Ocean Pollution
Point-Source Pollution
• Trash Dumping Dumping trash in the deeper parts
of the ocean is a common practice in many countries.
• Effects of Trash Dumping Trash thrown in the
ocean can be harmful to ocean organisms.
• Sludge Dumping Sludge is the solid waste
removed from raw sewage. Sludge can pollute
beaches and kill marine life.
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Chapter 13
Section 5 Ocean Pollution
Point-Source Pollution, continued
• Oil Spills If not handled properly, oil transports can
cause oil spills.
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Chapter 13
Section 5 Ocean Pollution
Point-Source Pollution, continued
• Effects of Oil Spills Oil spills can harm or kill
many plants and animals.
• Preventing Oil Spills New technology is being
used to safeguard against oil spills. Oil tankers are
now being built with two hulls instead of one.
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Chapter 13
Section 5 Ocean Pollution
Saving Our Ocean Resources
• Nations Take Notice Many international
agreements and laws restrict ocean pollution.
• Citizens Taking Charge People have demanded
that their governments work to solve ocean pollution
and have begun organizing beach cleanups.
• Action in the United States The U.S. has passed
laws to control local pollution.
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Chapter 13
Exploring the Oceans
Concept Mapping
Use the terms below to complete the concept map
on the next slide.
ecological zones
benthos
intertidal zone
benthic zone
nentic zone
marine life
oceans
plankton
oceanic zone
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Chapter 13
Exploring the Oceans
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Chapter 13
Exploring the Oceans
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