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Transcript
General Introduction Early Judaism Early Judaism Introduction NT301: Introduction to the New Testament New Brunswick Theological Seminary Virginia Wiles Early Judaism General Introduction Early Judaism Quick Overview The Jewish People Jewish Institutions Jewish Expectations Early Judaism General Introduction Early Judaism The Jewish People A Common Heritage Diverse Expressions Early Judaism General Introduction Early Judaism A Common Heritage Common History Common Scriptures Common Rituals Early Judaism General Introduction Early Judaism Sharing a History Exodus ca. 1300 B.C.E. Moses & Torah Monarchy ca. 1000 B.C.E. David Divided Kingdom Prophets Exile ca. 587 B.C.E. Monotheism Return ca. 540-440 B.C.E. Apocalypticism Early Judaism General Introduction Early Judaism Common Scriptures Torah Tanak Torah -- LAW Nebi’im -- PROPHETS Kethubim -- WRITINGS The Scriptures in Translation The Septuagint The Targums Early Judaism Early Judaism Other Jewish Writings General Introduction The Apocrypha Greek “additions” to the Septuagint Key texts for study of Second Temple Judaism The Pseudepigrapha Many apocalypses Jewish Midrash A form of “story telling” among Jewish thinkers. See, for example, 2 Cor 4 Early Judaism Common Rituals General Introduction Early Judaism Day Hebrew Name Purpose Time of Year Sabbath Shabut Rest and Worship Sundown Friday to Sundown Saturday Passover Pesach Exodus from Egypt Spring Pentecost (Weeks) Shavuoth Fruits of Harvest Tabernacles (Booths) Succoth Wilderness 50 days after Passover Fall New Year Rosh Hashanah New Year Fall Day of Atonement Yom Kippur Forgiveness Fall Dedication Hannukah Restoration of Temple December Lots Purim Esther early Spring Israelite Festivals Later Jewish Festivals Early Judaism General Introduction Early Judaism Diverse Expressions Pharisees Sadducees Zealots and Sicarii Essenes The Samaritans The Therapeutae Diaspora Judaism Diversity in Literature Early Judaism Early Judaism The Pharisees General Introduction Social Characteristics pietist movement composed mostly of laity mostly tradesmen, craftsmen, merchants, farmers Views: Focused on the necessity of adapting Jewish piety to the changed conditions of life in the “modern” world. Written and Oral Torah Early Judaism General Introduction Early Judaism The Sadducees Unclear origins (= Zadokites) included great majority of chief priests great power in Jerusalem during Hasmonean and Herodian periods ?rejected oral law ?collaborated with Rome Early Judaism Early Judaism Chief Priests General Introduction Included: captains of the temple, temple treasurers and overseers, directors of weekly courses of priests High Priest: president and convener of Sanhedrin Factors limiting power and influence no longer inherited (from Herod the Great on) held office at pleasure of Romans Early Judaism General Introduction Early Judaism Zealots and Sicarii Origins unclear Applies (broadly) to anyone who participated in revolutionary struggle against Rome Early Judaism Early Judaism The Essenes General Introduction Mentioned by Josephus (&Philo?) ?Perhaps related to Qumran community? Origins: Group of priests & levites left temple in Jerusalem to protest abuses under Hasmonean high priests Early Judaism General Introduction Early Judaism Qumran “Teacher of Righteousness” Highly structured community with emphasis on purity Monastic Apocalyptic -- Good vs. Evil Early Judaism Early Judaism Qumran Discipline General Introduction If any man has uttered the Venerable Name even though frivolously, or as a result of shock, or for any other reason whatever, while reading the Book or praying, he shall be dismissed and shall return to the Council of the Community no more. If he has spoken in anger against one of the Priests…, he shall do penance for one year and shall be excluded for his soul’s sake from the pure Meal of the Congregation…. Early Judaism Early Judaism Other Jewish Groups General Introduction The Samaritans Claimed to be authentic survivors of exiled Israelite nation Mt. Gerazim Samaritan Pentateuch The Therapeutae mentioned by Philo 1st c. Egyptian Jewish Female monastics Diaspora Judaism Philo and Paul Little information Early Judaism General Introduction Early Judaism Diversity in Jewish Literature The Writings of Rabbinic Judaism Jewish Mysticism Jewish Apocalyptic Texts Early Judaism General Introduction Early Judaism The Talmud Oral Law = Mishnah Gemara (commentary on Mishnah) Talmud = Mishnah + Gemara Palestinian Bablylonian Early Judaism General Introduction Early Judaism Jewish Institutions The Temple The Synagogue The Sanhedrin Early Judaism General Introduction Early Judaism The Second Temple Built upon the return from the Exile Herod the Great began expansion in 20 BCE Served as the “Center” of Judaism Stunning work of architecture Social Arrangement of the Temple Early Judaism Model of the Second Temple Early Judaism Social Arrangement of Temple General Introduction Holy of Holies Holy Place Court of Israel Women’s Court Court of the Gentiles Early Judaism Jewish Synagogues General Introduction Early Judaism Origins uncertain: Egypt? Babylon? Judea? Council house and place of assembly Place of prayer -- proseuche Central Purpose: The Proclamation and Exposition of the Law Oriented toward the laity Rectangular building facing toward Jerusalem Board of Directors (3); Archisynagogus; 10 minimum Service: Shema, prayer, and Torah Meeting on Monday and Thursday as well as Sabbath Early Judaism Synagogue at Capernaum General Introduction Early Judaism Early Judaism Synagogue at Gamla General Introduction Early Judaism Early Judaism Early Judaism The Sanhedrin General Introduction “sunedrion” = “seated together” first mentioned ca. 55 BCE; lasts until 70 CE Chief priests, elders, and scribes 71 Jewish elders, presided over by high priest (=72) Both legislative and judicial authority = “city council” In Palestine, both civil and religious authority; in Diaspora, only religious Early Judaism General Introduction Early Judaism Apocalyptic Simple Eschatology Prophetic Eschatology Apocalyptic Eschatology Early Judaism General Introduction Early Judaism Summary of Judaism Jewish People: Common Heritage -- Diverse Expressions Jewish Insitutions: Temple -- Synagogue -- Home Jewish Expectation: Apocalyptic Early Judaism General Introduction Early Judaism Summary of Key Terms Common Jewish History Torah Tanak Septuagint Apocrypha Pseudepigrapha Israelite festivals Sanhedrin Early Judaism General Introduction Early Judaism Summary of Terms, cont. Pharisees Sadducees Essenes Samaritans Zealots Talmud Second Temple Synagogues Apocalyptic Eschatology Early Judaism
