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1. Cuneiform
2. PERSIA
3. Mesopotamia
4. Hammurabi
5. Tigris and Euphrates Rivers
Ancient Egypt
Fertile Nile River
Impact of Climate
•
•
•
•
arid climate = oil skin
hot sun = make –up for sun protection and black paint to cut glare
large deserts = obstacles to invaders
dry climate = must irrigate crops
Political Organization
• pharaoh = god-king
• pharaohs had absolute power and
owned all land; however, they were
expected to behave morally and
were judged on good deeds.
• theocracy = government run by religious leaders
• pharaoh stood at center of religion,
government, and army
Economic System
• traded agricultural surplus: wheat barley (from Nile
which provided silt)
• mining of large mineral deposits of copper which
used for bronze tools. Gold and copper were mined
by slaves which greatly enriched the royal treasury.
• had enough economic strength to support massive
public works = Construction projects
financed by the
government for the
benefit and use of its
citizens
Religion
• polytheistic belief in many gods
• Akhenaton forces Egyptians to
worship one god (monotheism)
temporarily
• king believed to rule even after
death; therefore, tomb more important
than earthly palace
Preparations for the
Underworld
ANUBIS weighs the
dead person’s heart
against a feather.
Priests protected
your KA, or soulspirit
Materials used in Mummification
**all classes planned for their burials**
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Linen
Sawdust
Lichen
Beeswax
Resin
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Natron
Onion
Nile Mud
Linen Pads
Frankinsense
Preparation for Afterlife
Egyptian Mummies
Seti I
1291-1278 B. C. E.
Queen Tiye, wife
of Amenhotep II
1210-1200 B. C. E.
Ramses II
1279-1212 B. C. E.
Journey to the Underworld
The dead travel on
the “Solar Bark.”
A boat for the
journey is provided
for a dead pharaoh
in his tomb.
Egyptian Book of the Dead
The Final Judgement
Anubis
Osiris
Horus
Egyptian Social Hierarchy
slaves
Some Famous Egyptian
Pharaohs
Tutankham
on
1336-1327 B. C.
E.
Thutmose
III
1504-1450 B. C.
E.
Ramses II
1279-1212 B. C.
E.
Egyptian Priestly Class
Egyptian Scribe
Inventions / Innovations
• hieroglyphics for economic, royal, and administrative info.
• originally pictographs, but eventually pictures
represented words as well as sounds
• calendar developed (365 days and 12 months)
• hieroglyphics written on papyrus –
a paper-like writing material created from the papyrus plant that
•
grows on the banks of the Nile.
• Math:
– system of written numbers
• Science:
– Set broken bones
– Surgery
– checked pulse
Hieroglyphics “Alphabet”
24 “letters” + 700 phonetic symbols
Papyrus => paper
Hieratic Scroll Piece
Papyrus Plant
Egyptian Math & Draftsmenship
1
10 100 1000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000
What number is this?
Architecture
• Pyramids – tombs for pharaoh's afterlife
• built by peasants when Nile was flooded (not slaves)
Stepped Pyramid at Saqqara
“Bent” Pyramid of King
Sneferu
Giza Pyramid Complex
Plan of the Great Pyramid
of Khufu
Ancient Egyptian Housing
Middle Class
Homes
Peasant
Homes
Scenes of Ancient Egyptian
Daily Life
Making Ancient Egyptian Wine
An Egyptian Woman’s “MustHaves”
Mirror
Perfume
Whigs
Champollion & the Rosetta
Stone
Archaeologist, Howard Carter
(1922)
King Tutankhamun’s Tomb
Treasures From Tut’s Tomb