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Psychology in
Action (8e)
by
Karen Huffman
PowerPoint  Lecture Notes Presentation
Chapter 14:
Psychological Disorders
Karen Huffman, Palomar College
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Lecture Overview
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Studying Psychological Disorders
Anxiety Disorders
Mood Disorders
Schizophrenia
Other Disorders
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
What characteristics mark
psychological well-being?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Self-acceptance.
Positive relations with others.
Autonomy.
Environmental mastery.
Purpose in life.
Personal growth.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Psychopathology
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Psychological disorders consist of deviant,
distressful, and dysfunctional behavior patterns.
Mental health workers view psychological disorders
as persistently harmful thoughts, feelings, and
actions.
Standards of deviant behavior vary by culture,
context, and even time. For example, children once
regarded as fidgety, distractible, and impulsive are
now being diagnosed with attention-deficit
hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Figure
©John Wiley & Sons,
Inc.16.1
2007The biopsychosocial approach to psychological disorders
Myers:
Psychology,
Eighth Edition
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Copyright © 2007 by Worth Publishers
Studying Psychological Disorders
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Abnormal Behavior: patterns of emotion,
thought, and action considered pathological
for one or more of four reasons:
• statistical infrequency
• disability or dysfunction
• personal distress
• violation of norms
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Studying Psychological Disorders:
Four Criteria for Abnormal Behavior
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
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Culture-General
Symptoms
(shared symptoms
across cultures)
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Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

Culture-Bound Symptoms
(unique symptoms that differ
across cultures)
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Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Studying Psychological Disorders
(Continued)
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Historical perspectives:
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In ancient times, people
believed demons were the
cause of abnormal behavior.
In the 1790s, Pinel and others began to
emphasize disease and physical illness, which
later developed into the medical model.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Studying Psychological Disorders
(Continued)

Modern
psychology
includes
seven major
perspectives
on abnormal
behavior.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Studying Psychological Disorders:
Classifying Abnormal Behavior
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The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR):
•
•
provides detailed descriptions
of symptoms
contains over 200 diagnostic categories
grouped into 17 major categories and five
dimensions (or axes)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Studying Psychological Disorders:
Classifying Abnormal Behavior (Cont.)
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Five Axes of DSM-IV-TR (guidelines for making
decisions about symptoms)
•
Axis I (current clinical disorders)
Axis II (personality disorders and mental
retardation)
Axis III (general medical information)
Axis IV (psychosocial and environmental problems)
•
Axis V (global assessment of functioning)
•
•
•
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Diagnostic Labels
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Critics point out that labels can create
preconceptions that bias our perceptions of
people’s past and present behavior and
unfairly stigmatize these individuals.
Labels can also serve as self-fulfilling
prophecies.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Diagnostic Labels
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Diagnostic labels help not only to describe
a psychological disorder but to predict its
future course, to imply appropriate
treatment, and to stimulate research into
its possible causes.
The label of “insanity” raises moral and
ethical questions about how people should
treat people who have disorders and have
committed crimes.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Anxiety Disorders
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Anxiety Disorder (characterized
by unrealistic, irrational fear)
Four Major Anxiety Disorders
1. Generalized Anxiety Disorder:
persistent, uncontrollable, and
free-floating anxiety
2. Panic Disorder: sudden and inexplicable
panic attacks
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©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Anxiety Disorders (Continued)
3. Phobia: intense, irrational
fear of a specific object or situation
4. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD):
intrusive, repetitive fearful thoughts
(obsessions), urges to
perform repetitive,
ritualistic behaviors
(compulsions),
or both
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Anxiety Disorders (Continued)

Explanations of Anxiety Disorders:
 Psychological--faulty cognitions,
maladaptive learning
 Biological--evolution, genetics, brain
functioning, biochemistry
 Sociocultural—environmental stressors,
cultural socialization
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Mood Disorders
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Mood Disorders (characterized by extreme
disturbances in emotional states)
Two Main Types of Mood Disorders:
•
•
Major Depressive Disorder
(long-lasting depressed mood
that interferes with the ability
to function, feel pleasure, or
maintain interest in life)
Bipolar Disorder (repeated
episodes of mania and depression)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Mood Disorders
(Continued)

Using this
hypothetical graph,
note how major
depressive
disorders differ
from bipolar
disorders.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Mood Disorders (Continued)
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Explanations of Mood Disorders:
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Biological--brain functioning,
neurotransmitter imbalances,
genetics, evolution
Psychosocial--environmental
stressors, disturbed
interpersonal relationships,
faulty thinking, poor selfconcept, learned helplessness,
faulty attributions
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Mood Disorders (Continued)
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Gender and Cultural Diversity:
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Culture-general symptoms for
depression (e.g., sad affect,
Biological
lack of energy)
Women more likely to
Social
Psychological
suffer depressive
symptoms. Why?
Combination of biological,
psychological, and social forces
(biopsychosocial model)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
SUICIDE
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Suicide rates are higher for Whites than
Blacks;
Higher for MEN than Women
More likely to occur when the depression is
LIFTING, not when depression is at its
worse
Only a FEW who talk about suicide will
attempt it; only a FEW who attempt will
succeed.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Edwin Schneidman’s 10 common
characteristics of suicidal people
1.
Unendurable psychological pain. (Suicide is not an act of hostility or
revenge but a way of switching off unendurable and inescapable pain. If you reduce their level of suffering, even
just a little, suicidal people will choose to live.)
2.
Frustrated psychological needs. (Needs for security, achievement,
trust, and friendship are among the important ones not being met. Address these psychological needs and the
suicide will not occur. Although there are pointless deaths, there is never a “needless” suicide.)
3.
The search for a solution. (Suicide is never done without purpose. It is a way
out of a problem or crisis and seems to be the only answer to the question: “How do I get out of this?”)
4.
An attempt to end consciousness. (Suicide is both a movement
away from pain and a movement to end consciousness. The goal is to stop awareness of a painful existence.)
5.
Helplessness and hopelessness. (Underneath all the shame, guilt,
and loss of effectiveness is a sense of powerlessness. There is the feeling that no one can help and nothing can
be done except to commit suicide.)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Edwin Schneidman’s 10 common
characteristics of suicidal people
6.
Constriction of options. (Instead of looking for a variety of answers, suicidal
people see only two alternatives: a total solution or a total cessation. All other options have been driven out by
pain. The goal of the rescuer should be to broaden the suicidal person’s perspective.)
7.
Ambivalence. (Some ambivalence is normal, but for the suicidal person ambivalence is only
between life and death. In the typical case, a person cuts his or her own throat and calls for help simultaneously.
The rescuer can use this ambivalence to shift the inner debate to the side of life.)
8.
Communication of intent. (About 80 percent of suicidal people give family and
friends clear clues about their intention to kill themselves.)
9.
Departure. (Quitting a job, running away from home, leaving a spouse are all
departures, but suicide is the ultimate escape. It is a plan for a radical, permanent change of
scene.)
10.
Lifelong coping patterns. (To spot potential suicides, one must look to
earlier episodes of disturbance, to the person’s style of enduring pain, and to a general
tendency toward “either/or” thinking. Often, there has been a style of problem solving that might
be characterized as “cut and run.”)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Schizophrenia
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Schizophrenia
(group of psychotic disorders)
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Five areas of major disturbance:
Perception (hallucinations)
Language (word salad, neologisms)
Thoughts (psychosis, delusions)
Emotion (exaggerated or flat affect)
Behavior [unusual actions (e.g., catalepsy,
waxy flexibility)]
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Schizophrenia (Continued)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Schizophrenia (Continued)

Explanations of Schizophrenia:
Biological--genetic predisposition,
disruptions in neurotransmitters, brain
abnormalities
 Psychosocial--stress, disturbed family
communication

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Schizophrenia (Continued)

•
•
•
•
Gender and Cultural Diversity:
Numerous culturally general symptoms,
but significant differences exist in:
prevalence
form
onset
prognosis
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Other Disorders
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Substance-related disorder
(abuse of, or dependence on, a moodor behavior-altering drug)
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Two general groups:


Substance abuse (interferes
with social or occupational functioning)
Substance dependence (shows physical
reactions, such as tolerance and withdrawal)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Other Disorders:
Substance-Related Disorder
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Other Disorders (Continued)

People with
substance-related
disorders also
commonly suffer
from other
psychological
disorders, a
condition known as
comorbidity.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Other Disorders (Continued)
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Dissociative Disorders: Splitting apart (disassociation) of experience from memory or
consciousness
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Types of Dissociative Disorders:
 Dissociative Amnesia
 Dissociative Fugue
 Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Other Disorders (Continued)

Best known and most severe
dissociative disorder:
 Dissociative Identity
Disorder (DID): presence
of two or more distinct
personality systems in the
same person at different
times (previously known as
multiple personality
disorder)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Other Disorders (Continued)
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Personality Disorder: inflexible,
maladaptive personality traits that cause
significant impairment of social and
occupational functioning
Types of personality disorders:
 Antisocial Personality Disorder
 Borderline Personality Disorder
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Other Disorders (Continued)

Antisocial Personality Disorder: profound
disregard for, and violation of, the rights of
others
Key Traits: egocentrism,
lack of conscience,
impulsive behavior, and
superficial charm
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Other Disorders (Continued)

Explanations of Antisocial
Personality Disorder:
•
Biological--genetic
predisposition, abnormal brain
functioning
Psychological—abusive
parenting, inappropriate
modeling
•
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Other Disorders (Continued)

Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD):
impulsivity and instability
in mood, relationships,
and self-image

Explanations of BPD:
Psychological--childhood history of neglect,
emotional deprivation, abuse
Biological--genetic inheritance, impaired brain
functioning
•
•
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)
Psychology in
Action (8e)
by
Karen Huffman
PowerPoint  Lecture Notes Presentation
End of Chapter 14:
Psychological Disorders
Karen Huffman, Palomar College
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007
Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)