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HN144: Human Behavior and the Social Environment © 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. Unit 5 Chapters 7 & 8 Psychological and Sociological Development in Adolescence 1 Identity Formation Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory © 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. 2 © 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. Implications of Identity Formation in Adolescence How to Determine Who You Are Importance of Achieving Identity The Formation of Identity 3 Communication The nature of boys and girls communication becomes increasingly different during adolescence. Boys appear to talk more in terms of competitive conversation comparing knowledge and experiences Girls talk more about themselves, feelings, and relationships © 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. Along with an improvement in thinking abilities in adolescence comes a greater capacity for effective communication. Friendships in adolescence More complete friendships begin to develop Gender differences are apparent: Female friendships reflect more supportive and emotional aspects Male friendships reflect more shared interests © 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. Adolescents describe friendship using terms like trust, loyalty, intimacy, and commitment Lesbian and Gay Adolescents: The Need for Empowerment 6 © 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. Race, Culture, Ethnicity, and Identity Development An Alternative Model of Racial and Cultural Identity Development Communities and Schools Can Strengthen Racial and Cultural Identity Development for Adolescents Moral Development Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development © 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. Critical Thinking: Evaluation of Kohlberg’s Theory 7 Major psychological hazards for adolescents May be related to factors such as temperament or personality, deficits in moral development, family structure and environment (divorced parents, absent fathers, uncaring and abusive parents), and negative modeling © 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. Conduct Disorder Involve a constellation of behaviors such as: • stealing • bullies, threatens, or intimidates others • fire setting • physically cruel to animals • truant from school before the age of 13 • running away from home • physical assault Delinquency © 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. A lot of delinquent behavior is related to status in the peer group Delinquent acts are committed both with peers and for peers When deviant behavior occurs at early ages the problem is seen as conduct disorder When the behaviors lead to illegal acts by juveniles the problem is considered delinquency Gangs Seem to be related to the developmental need for young people to associate with peer groups © 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. Gangs often play a very important function for young people by providing social support, bonding, and protection from rival gangs Long term studies have found that the most important risk factor for gang membership is growing up in a neighborhood with poverty where there is little attachment to people and social institutions . Why??? Significant Issues and Life Events: Assertiveness and Suicide Empowerment Through Assertiveness © 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. Incidence of Suicide Causes of Adolescent Suicide 11 Suicidal Symptoms (SAD PERSONS scale) Sex Age Depression Previous Attempts Ethanol and Other Drug Abuse Rational Thinking Loss Social Supports Lacking Organized Plan No Spouse Sickness © 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. S A D P E R S O N S Guidelines for Helping Suicidal People 12 Social Development Changes in Adolescence © 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. Movement from Dependence to Independence Interaction in Peer Group Systems Interaction in Families: Effective Communication Between Parents and Children (Parent Effectiveness Training) Empowerment of Homeless Youth 13 Social Problems Eating Disorders © 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. Anorexia Nervosa Bulimia Nervosa Compulsive Overeating Interrelationships Among Eating Disorders Causes Impacts of Social Forces Treatment 14 Depression Do you know what the most significant factor related to depression in girls is? © 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. In childhood, up to puberty, more boys than girls are depressed In late adolescence the number of girls experiencing depression is twice that of boys Body image!!! Why do you think that is? © 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. Research shows that girls interpret their maturing bodies negatively. Adolescent Self-Esteem Strategies for enhancing self concepts: Encouraging achievement Promoting competencies in specific areas Providing peer and parental support Developing coping skills At what age should parents start working on their child’s self-esteem? © 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. Self-esteem: a global evaluation of one’s self; one’s sense of selfworth; a favorable or unfavorable attitude toward the self © 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. Emotional and Behavioral Problems Medical Model Major Mental Disorders According to the American Psychiatric Association Interactional Model Assessing and Treating Unwanted Emotions: Application of Theory to Client Situations Changing Unwanted Emotions Meaningful Activity Changing Self-Talk 18 Macro System Problems: Crime and Delinquency Self-Talk Explanation for Columbine Massacre © 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. Macro System Problems: Delinquent Gangs Empowerment through Social Work with Groups 19 © 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. It really depends on the child. As we know, each child is different so we can’t use a cookie cutter approach. Human Service Professionals must find the method that works best for each child. Family intervention and social-skills training have best results reducing recidivism.