Download How do tests help us decide whether there is a disability?

What is a disability?
…and what test results might we
need?
MGW
Appalachian State University
Number of students identified and
served under IDEA: 2000-2001
Specific Learning Disability
2,884,116
Speech/Language Disorders
Intellectual Disability
Emotional Disturbance
Other Health Impairments
Multiple Disabilities
Autism Spectrum Disorders
Orthopedic Impairments
Hearing Impairments
1,097,389
613,156
476,369
295,627
122,842
80,326
73,113
71,000
MGW
Appalachian State University
Developmental Delay
Visual Impairments
Traumatic Brain Injury
Deaf-Blindness
MGW
Appalachian State University
28,917
26,074
14,943
1,328
Specific Learning Disability
• Specific learning disability means a disorder in
one or more of the basic psychological
processes involved in understanding or in using
language, spoken or written,
– that may manifest itself in an imperfect ability to listen,
think, speak, read, write, spell, or to do mathematical
calculations,
– including conditions as perceptual handicaps, brain
injury, minimal brain dysfunction, dyslexia, and
developmental aphasia.
MGW
Appalachian State University
• The term does not include learning
problems that are primarily the result of
visual, hearing, motor handicaps, mental
retardation, emotional disturbance,
environmental, cultural, or economic
disadvantage (U. S. Department of
Education, 1999).
MGW
Appalachian State University
•
A discrepancy between expected and actual
achievement
• ….in one or more areas as noted in the
definition: speaking, writing, thinking, spelling,
reading, listening, and mathematics.
•
A learning disability is not primarily the result
of sensory, motor, intellectual, or emotional
handicap, poor teaching, cultural difference, or
the lack of opportunity to learn.
It is associated with language processes.
MGW
Appalachian State University
• What test results do we need?
MGW
Appalachian State University
Intellectual Disability
• Intellectual disability refers to substantial
limitation in present functioning. It is
characterized by significantly subaverage
intellectual functioning, existing concurrently with
related limitations in two or more of the following
applicable adaptable skills areas:
communication, self care, home living, social
skills, community use, self direction, health and
safety, functional academics, leisure, and work.
• Mental retardation manifests before age 18.
MGW
Appalachian State University
• What test results do we need?
MGW
Appalachian State University
ASD
• Persons labeled with Autism Spectrum
Disorders (ASD) demonstrate mild to
severe deficits in
– 1) social interaction,
– 2) verbal and nonverbal communication, and
– 3) repetitive behaviors or interests.
MGW
Appalachian State University
ASD
• They will often have unusual responses to
sensory experiences, i.e., certain auditory,
visual, or tactile input.
• They will present in each individual child
differently. For instance, a child may have little
trouble learning to read but exhibit extremely
poor social interaction.
• Each child will display communication, social,
and behavioral patterns that are individual but fit
into the overall diagnosis of ASD.
MGW
Appalachian State University
• Some conditions in the spectrum are
known as Pervasive Developmental
Disorders, high functioning autism,
Asperger’s syndrome, Rett’s Syndrome,
Childhood Disintegrative Disorder, Fragile
X Syndrome, and non-verbal learning
disorders.
MGW
Appalachian State University
Possible Indicators of Autism Spectrum
Disorders]
• Does not babble, point, or make
meaningful gestures by 1 year of age
• Does not speak one word by 16 months
• Does not combine two words by 2 years
• Does not respond to name
• Loses language or social skills
MGW
Appalachian State University
Some Other Indicators
• Poor eye contact
• Doesn't seem to know how to play with
toys
• Excessively lines up toys or other objects
• Is attached to one particular toy or object
• Doesn't smile
• At times seems to be hearing impaired
MGW
Appalachian State University
• What test results do we need?
MGW
Appalachian State University
Emotional/Behavioral
Disturbance
• The term means a condition exhibiting one
or more of the following characteristics
over a long period of time and to a marked
degree that adversely affects a child’s
educational performance:
– An inability to learn that cannot be explained
by intellectual, sensory or health factors.
MGW
Appalachian State University
• An inability to build or maintain satisfactory
interpersonal relationships with peers and
teachers.
• Inappropriate types of behavior or feelings under
normal circumstances.
• A general pervasive mood of unhappiness or
depression.
• A tendency to develop physical symptoms of
fears associated with personal for school
problems.
MGW
Appalachian State University
• The term includes children who are
schizophrenic. The term does not include
children who are socially maladjusted,
unless it is determined that they have an
emotional disturbance. (U. S. Department
of Education, 1999, p. 12422).
MGW
Appalachian State University
• What test results do we need?
MGW
Appalachian State University
ADHD
inattentive
• One type of ADHD is predominantly
inattentive, with the student displaying
characteristics for at least 6 months and to
a degree that is maladaptive and does not
match maturational expectations for the
age when observed. There are nine
symptoms listed for inattention, and the
student must display at least six of them to
be categorized as an inattentive type.
MGW
Appalachian State University
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Failing to give close attention to details leading to
careless mistakes
Having difficulty sustaining attention to tasks.
Having difficulty listening to what is being said
Having difficulty following through and completing
homework assignments, classroom assignments,
chores, or occupational duties.
Having difficulty in organizing tasks
Avoiding tasks that require strenuous mental activity
Losing materials that are necessary for the tasks they
need to complete
Being easily distracted by extraneous activity
Forgetting schedules of daily activities.
MGW
Appalachian State University
hyperactive-impulsive
• Another type of ADHD is predominantly
hyperactive-impulsive. Hyperactive is a
condition of displaying excessive energy
characterized as restless and agitated.
Persons displaying impulsivity appear to
act before they think.
• Characteristics must exist for at least 6
months.
MGW
Appalachian State University
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Display fidgety behaviors and squirms in seat.
Leave desk or seat in the classroom at inappropriate
times.
Run and climb in situations when it is inappropriate.
Avoid engaging in quiet leisure activities
Act as if driven and is always “on the go.”
Talk excessively.
Blurt out answers impulsively, often before the
question has been completed.
Display difficulty waiting in lines and in taking turns
Butt into conversations or other people’s games,
interrupting and intruding on others.
MGW
Appalachian State University
• must not have these symptoms as a part of
another disorders such as pervasive
developmental disorder, autism, schizophrenia,
and other psychiatric disorders.
• mood disorder, anxiety disorder, or a personality
disorder.
• low self-esteem, moodiness,
• temper outbursts,
• manifestations of frustration,
• aggressiveness.
MGW
Appalachian State University
• The third type is a combined type, with the
child showing both types of behavior,
hyperactive-impulsive, as well as
inattention.
MGW
Appalachian State University
• What test results do we need?
MGW
Appalachian State University
Speech and language impairments
• Speech disorder is characterized by an
impartment in vocal production (voice),
speech sound production (articulation),
fluency (stuttering and related disorders),
or any combination.
• A language disorder is abnormal
development in understanding or using
spoken, written, or other symbolic
systems.
MGW
Appalachian State University
• What test results do we need?
MGW
Appalachian State University
Sensory categories
• Deaf
• Blind
• Deaf-Blind
MGW
Appalachian State University
• What test results do we need?
MGW
Appalachian State University
Others
• TBI
• Physical and Health Impairments
• Multiple disabilities
MGW
Appalachian State University
• What test results do we need?
MGW
Appalachian State University