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ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER Dr Wendy Vogel Child and Adolescent Psychiatrist Head, Division of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital and University of Cape Town OVERVIEW • • • • • History of ADHD Update on DSM V Assessment & Management of ADHD Oppositional Defiant Disorder When to refer HISTORY OF ADHD • 1798:Sir Alexander Crichton Attention and its diseases: A distraction of attention does not have to be pathological; can be “born with a person” Can also be caused by new disease and generally diminished with age Hyperactivity not described • 1809-1894: Heinrich Hoffmann Impulsive insanity/defective inhibition Sir George Still (1868-1941) • • • • • Scientific starting point of history of ADHD Motor agitation Attention problems Difficulty controlling impulses Deficit of moral control (stigma) • MBD History of ADHD 1934: Kramer & Pollnow: • Hyperkinetic disease of infancy 1937: Bradley: • first Rx of ADHD with benzedrine 1944: Panizzoni • methylphenidate (ritalin) • Is the most effective and widely used medication DSM • DSM-II Hyperkinetic reaction of childhood Overactivity, restlessness, distractibility,short attention span, especially in young children; the behavior usually diminishes by adolescence” (1968) • DSM-III (1980) Attention deficit disorder: with/out hyperactivity • DSM 111R,(1987)IV,(1994) IVR (2000) DSM V (2013) Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder PREVALENCE: • • • • 3-10% children & adolescents 2 -5 % adult population Universal among human population USA: 2 – 20% UK: 3-9% ( 50% increase) • M:F 3-4:1 WHY ? AETIOLOGY ' ' ' ' Very strong biological contributions Genetic / hereditary (genes DAT1, DRD4 etc) Peri-natal problems (prem & low birth weight) In utero exposure to tobacco smoke UPDATE ON DSM V: Neurodevelopmental disorders: • ADHD • ASD • Communication Disorders • Intellectual Disability • Specific learning disability • Motor disorders (Tics, stereotypical movement & DCD) UPDATE ON DSM V: • Several symptoms in each setting • Symptoms present prior to age 12 years (cf 7) • Can diagnose with comorbid ASD • Lower threshold for adults/adolescents • (5cf 6) • Specifiers ADHD – DSM V • • • • Symptoms for at least 6 months Inconsistent with developmental level Negative impact on social, school/work Symptoms are not solely a manifestation of oppositional behaviour, defiance,hostility or failure to understand tasks ( ie LD) • Present before aged 12 years HYPERACTIVITY/IMPULSIVITY • • • • • Fidgets,squirms Leaves seat Runs or climbs Unable to play quietly On the go/driven by a motor • Talks excessively • Blurts out answers • Difficulty waiting turn • Interrupts • Impaired response inhibition, impulse control or the capacity to delay gratification • inability to stop and think before acting/doing INATTENTION (6 or more (5)) • Fails to give close attention/careless • Can’t sustain attention • Does not listen • Cannot follow through/tasks incomplete • Difficulty organising tasks • Avoids mental effort • Often loses things • Easily distracted • Forgetful OTHER BEHAVIOURS SEEN • • • • • • Insatiability Social clumsiness Poor co-ordination Disorganisation Forgetting to do things or poor working memory Delayed development of internal language and rule following • Difficulties with regulation of emotions, motivation and arousal • Diminished problem solving ability and flexibility Changes in ADHD symptoms from childhood to adulthood Preschool years Primary school years Adolescence Adulthood Inattention Short play Incomplete activities Not listening Brief activities Changes activity Forgetful, disorganised distracted Less persistence Lack of focus on details Poor planning Incomplete details Forget appts Lack of foresight Overactivity whirlwind Restless hyperactive fidgety Subjective feelings of restlessness Impulsivity Does not listen No sense of danger Acts out of turn Interrupts Intrusive thoughtless Poor self control Reckless risk taking Accidents Impatience Premature decision making SPECIFIERS: • Combined (hyperactive,impulsive & inattentive) • Predominantly inattentive (inattention but not hyperactive/impulsive) • Predominantly hyperactive/impulsive (no inattention) ADHD in females • • • • • • • Underdiagnosed & misdiagnosed (mood) High levels of inattention Less disruptive & low levels of hyperactivity ? Less severe form Hormonal changes in adolescence (oest) Greater risk of substance abuse Respond well to medication & behaviour intervention • Environmental demands increase may become more obvious ASSESSMENT • Paed/child psych/GP/HCP with expertise in ADHD • Full developmental, medical (CARDIAC HISTORY) and psycho-social history • Assessment of needs • CO-EXISTING CONDITIONS, • School information • Psychometric assessments (exclude a LD) • Rating scales (SNAP) www.adhd.net • Meet DSM V or ICD 10 criteria and moderate impairment in more than 1 setting • SPEAK TO THE CHILD ! • Assess the parents STROOP TEST (selective attention) • Measures attention. It takes advantage of our ability to read words more quickly and automatically than naming colors. • Cognitive mechanism in this task is directed/selected attention: one has to manage one’s attention, inhibit or stop one response in order to say or do something else. PHYSICAL EXAM • Exercise syncope, breathlessness and cardiac symptoms • H.R and B.P. • Family hx of cardiac disease: CVS exam • ECG if fam hx of serious cardiac disease or sudden death • Weight and height • Risk assessment for substance misuse/drug diversion DIAGNOSIS MADE: WHAT NEXT? ADHD alone 31% Oppositional Defiant Disorder 40% Anxiety ?ASD Tics 11% Mood Disorders Disorder 4% 34% Conduct Disorder 14% • Swedish study • 85% of children with ADHD had 1 or more co-morbid disorders • 67% had at least 2 co-morbid disorders • • LEARNING DISABILITIES AUTISM ESSENCE (Early symptomatic syndromes eliciting neurodevelopmental examinations) Co existence of disorders (including ADHD, ODD, Tic disorder, DCD, ASD) & sharing of symptoms across disorders is the rule (C.Gillberg.Research in Developmental Disabilities 31 (2010) 1543-1551) ESSENCE (Early symptomatic syndromes eliciting neurodevelopmental examinations) • Impairing child symptoms (3-5 years) • • • • • • • • • General development Communication & language Social interrelatedness Motor co-ordination Attention Activity Behaviour Mood Sleep Major problems in 1 domain indicate major problems in the same or overlapping domains many years later EARLY INTERVENTION TREATMENT: • PHARMACOLOGY Stimulants Non-stimulants • NON-PHARMACOLOGY Psychosocial management Dietary interventions Psychological interventions Psycho-social management: • • • • • • • • Psycho-education: parent/child/school Develop therapeutic alliance Promote consistent parenting Parent-child relational work Address parents’ ADHD etc Behavioural intervention (+ve reinforcement etc) Group therapy (social skills O.T. and S.A.L.T. PSYCHOLOGICAL TREATMENT • Cognitive training Attention and working memory training • Behavioural interventions Parent training Parent-child training Parent-child plus teacher training CBT with child DIETARY TREATMENT: • Restricted elimination diets Need better evidence • Artificial food colour exclusions Larger Rx effect (if food sensitivities) • Free fatty acid supplementation (EPA/DHA) Small reduction in ADHD symptoms ?clinical significance DIETARY TREATMENT: • NICE: general advice that a healthy balanced diet and exercise should be recommended for all with ADHD • CAUTIONS about lack of concrete evidence: • It discourages removal of artificial food colourants and additives from the diet • If link seen need a food diary and dietician referral • Opposes fatty acid supplementation MEDICATION: Stimulant: Non stimulant: Methylphenidate SHORTACTING/IMMEDIATE RELEASE Ritalin (3-4 hours) INTERMEDIATE RELEASE Ritalin LA (8 hours) LONG ACTING/MODIFIED RELEASE Concerta XL (12 hours) • atomoxetine, • extended-release guanfacine ER clonidine ER Relative stimulant contraindications – – – – – – – – – – – Psychotic disorders Severe Tourette’s ? No longer MAOI (> 2/52 washout) Active substance abuse (pt or family) Unstable seizure disorder Structural cardiac defects Unstable HPT Unstable cardiovascular disorder Hx of S/E on stimulants Pregnancy Child < 3years NON-STIMULANT MEDS Atomoxetine (licensed) • a selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) • may cause a secondary increase in dopamine levels • ADHD with comorbid anxiety disorders • history of substance misuse (diversion) • Compared to stimulants, slower onset of action but can be taken once daily. • Starting dose is 0,5mg/kg/day to 1,2mg/kg/day maximum 2,1mg/kg/day NON STIMULANT MEDICATION: • Clonidine and guanfacine are alpha-2 agonists with demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of ADHD. • Guanfacine is more selective than clonidine causing fewer adverse effects such as somnolence. • Can also be used for patients with comorbid tic disorders in which its efficacy seems to be higher. NEW MEDICATIONS: • Lisdexamphetamine is an inactive component (prodrug) that is gradually converted into an active form of dextroamphetamine in the body. • Due to its gradual conversion, effect of Lisdexamphetamine is prolonged − up to 13 hours − thus not needing repeated doses during the day. CHOICE OF MEDICATION: • Methylphenidate, (dexamphetamine), atomoxetine are recommended within their licensed indications • Choice of Rx based on – Co-morbid conditions (eg tics/epilepsy) – Tolerability, adverse effects – Convenience of dosing ( compliance/schools) – Potential for diversion – Patient/ parent preference • If >1 Rx suitable, prescribe Rx with lowest cost Side-Effects Rating Scale Name: …………………………………………………………. Date: …………………….. Person completing this form: ……………………………………………………………… Behaviour No Problem Serious Problems Difficulty getting off to sleep 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Difficulty in staying asleep 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Nightmares 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Loss of appetite 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Stomach aches 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Headaches 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Tics 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Nervous movements 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Feeling dizzy 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Feeling sick 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Feeling drowsy 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Feeling irritable 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Feeing unhappy 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Crying a lot 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Loss of interest in others 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Day dreaming 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 How easy is he/she to manage Any other different behaviour: Side effects: • Loss of appetite & LOW. Measure weight before Rx then every 3-4 months. Plot • Growth delay Measure height before Rx then every 3-4 months (ref endocrinologist) • Insomnia: gather information before Rx • CVS side effects Monitor BP pulse every 3-6months • Hepatotoxicity, increase in hepatic enzymes, bilirubin and jaundice (Atomoxetine) • emergent suicidal behaviors Sleep disturbance: • Sleep diary • Polysomnography if suspect sleep breathing disorder episodic nocturnal phenomena, limb movements • Monitor • Stop medication • Add small dose if rebound • Add melatonin • Change stimulant 579 children with ADHD (c.t.) Age 7 to 9,9 years 14 months Rx Behaviour Medication MTA STUDY Medication Plus behaviour Community Care (Arch Gen Psych Vol 56, Dec 99) RESULTS (1): M.T.A. STUDY All 4 groups showed decreased symptoms with significant differences in degrees of change. For most ADHD symptoms: Combined Rx and medication Mx best with no significant difference between them. (Arch Gen Psych Vol 56, Dec 99) RESULTS (2): M.T.A. STUDY • Oppositional/Aggressive symptoms • Internalising symptoms • Social Skills • Parent-child relations • Reading achievement Combined Rx superior to Med Rx, B.T. & C.C. Arch Gen Psych Vol 56, Dec 99) MTA After 14 months, the MTA became an uncontrolled naturalistic study: children were allowed any treatment and followed up even if treatment was abandoned. MTA STUDY • 3,6,8 years after enrolment there were no significant group differences although the initial improvement was maintained. • Participants still taking medication by 6 and 8 years performed no better than their nonmedicated counterparts despite a 41% increase in the average total daily dose. “The sobering results of the MTA suggest that maintaining a good treatment response probably requires a sustained effort that takes into account long-term academic and behavioral problems commonly associated with ADHD and adapts to the demands of adolescence. Medication may continue to be helpful for some teenagers, but their needs should be re-evaluated periodically. A child’s initial clinical presentation, including symptom severity, behavior problems, social skills and family resources, may predict how they will function as teens more so than the type of treatment they receive. “ “ADHD is not just an issue of temperament or the teacher’s need to maintain order in the classroom. ADHD is a real disorder with significant morbidity which places children at risk for the development of antisocial disorders, substance abuse, academic underachievement,mood disorders…” Newcorn (CNS Spectrum Vol. 5,6 June,2000) OPPOSITIONAL DEFIANT DISORDER (DSM V: Disruptive,Impulse-control, and Conduct disorders) • Angry/Irritable Mood Often angry & resentful Often touchy or easily annoyed Often loses temper • Argumentative/defiant behaviour Often argues with adults Often deliberately annoys or irritates Often blames others for his mistakes Often actively defies or refuses to comply • Vindictiveness Often spiteful & vindictive DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSES • • • • Anxiety disorders such as phobias or OCD Autism Sensory sensitivities Depression • Bullying • Failure at school due to LD RISK FACTORS: • • • • • • • • Genetic Neurobiological markers(H.R./Cortisol) Age of onset Temperament Peer influences Callous & unemotional traits Neighbourhoods Family factors & influences TREATMENT • • • • • Parent Management training The Incredible Years (Webster-stratton) Play, praise, rewards, limit setting Triple P Proud2bme (Cape Town) • Rx triggers/aetiology GOALS OF TREATMENT: For parents: • Improve positive parenting skills • Enhance problem solving conflict resolution & communication For the child: • Develop effective communication,problem solving and anger management For the family • Family counselling & support to deal with the stresses in their relationships and home environment In the classroom • teacher to provide social skills, problem solving • Promote compliance NEW MEDICATIONS: No medication for Rx of ODD NEW medications: Alpha 2 receptor agonists: • Guanfacine and clonidine • G is relatively more selective for alpha 2 A agonists • Controlled release Guanfacine ER may be useful for ADHD and ODD • Clonidine: used off label for ADHD and ODD HELPFUL HINTS • • • • • • Always look for co-morbidity Treat co-morbidity (school,OT,SALT) Girls are mis/underdiagnosed Review need for ongoing Rx ODD may be something else SPEAK TO THE CHILD! When to refer to psychiatry • • • • If unsure of diagnosis Parents requesting 2nd opinion < 6years; Complex diagnosis (ADHD with tics/ OCD/ non-responding depression) • GP: max 1mg/kg/d methylphenidate • Poor response to treatment BOOKS Nice guidleines REFERENCES: • • • • • MTA Cooperative group A 14 month randomised clinical trial of treatment strategies for ADHD. Arch Gen Psychiatry 56: 1073-1086 NICE: Methylphenidate, Atomoxetine and dexamphetamine for ADHD in children and adolescents.2006 SIGN GUIDELINES Taylor et al European Clinical guidelines for hyperkinetic disorder ( First upgrade) Eu. Child Adolesc Psychiatry (Suppl 1) 13:1-30 Practice Parameters for the Assessment and treatment of ADHDD JAACAP 1997/2002